Sunday, September 9, 2012

The History Of Glass In Architecture

Glass was discovered, seemingly by celebration, midpoint 4000 years ago and has since evolved into one of our most used and most celebrated materials. It was only 2000 age ago that the manufacturing of glass progressed to being able to occasion sheets strapping enough to be used as windows and architectural nub. Today glass is used in concern from revolving doors to skywalks and interior partitions and is one of our most striking architectural materials with a fascinating history.

The Beginnings of Glass in Architecture

When glass was key used in architecture and construction, the limitations of masonry and weaker building materials meant that its prominence was rare to inadequate windows. With developments in construction, this began to change and by the Medieval Era glass nowadays to be used as more of a decorative characteristic than cleverly a way to rent well-lighted in. The trend for high, stone Gothic churches facilitated the mileage of conglomerate glass windows made up from fragments of coloured glass and depicting striking biblical scenes. These windows related the stories of the bible to an illiterate people and spurned the architectural trend of searching for transparency, holocaust and weightlessness through glass.

The Close Colossal Step in Glass

It wasnt until the 19th century that glass in architecture took its next significant step forward. Before this time, the manufacturing transaction itself limited the adoption of glass to only insufficient sheets, which is illustrated in the prominent usage of cottage pane glass and intricately divided windows in 18th century architecture.

The introduction of iron and other materials during this time meant that glass could take on a whole new role in architecture. Thanks to the materials now existing to hold it in place, coupled with the new ability to mass produce large sheets, the possibilities for the use of glass in construction became nearly limitless. Architects began to experiment with things like conservatories and entire walls of glass that were held together by high trussed steel arches and finger fixings. The Crystal Palace constructed in 1851 represents the most ambitious glass architectural projects of its time a construction made up of 300 000 sheets of glass.

Glass in Architecture in the 20th Century

Architects use of glass continued to evolve throughout the 20th century although most of the larger, ambitious projects were confined to large office buildings with massive budgets. The idea of transparency and dematerialisation was dominant during this time and architects the world over tried to use glass to create honest buildings that focussed on a sense of light and space. One of the biggest changes during these years was the move away from seeing glass as only the material for the openings within a structure, but rather as the material for the structure itself. Glass skins became the challenge to tackle whereby a thin steel structure literally supported skyscrapers of full glass walls.

The Fagus Factory in Germany was one of the first buildings to employ this technique. This urban shoe factory was designed by Walter Gropius in 1911 and used a thin steel structure to hold up a full glass faade to meet the clients brief of an attractive outlook.

One of the greatest feats in glass architecture in this century is the new Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan which is set to open its doors to the public in early 2009. The steel sphere of the planetarium is an 87 - foot structure which can accommodate 585 people. Whats so breathtaking is that is seems to float in the centre of a breathtaking glass cube.

Using glass in architecture has certainly come a long way from its start. As structures like the Hayden Planetarium are constructed, limitations fall away and glass architecture takes on a life of its own.

Glass in Architecture Today

Constant innovations in glass and building materials continue to increase the possibilities for the use of glass in architecture and today have resulted in some of the most spectacular buildings imaginable. Lightweight, strong plastics, new cladding materials and fixing technologies have allowed for even more experimentation with glass and has enabled architects to translate many of these styles to work in the domestic environment and not only in corporate skyscrapers. Other innovations in glass have also enabled it to become less of a building material and more of a design feature in homes across the globe. Glass is now stronger and safer than ever, allowing it to be used anywhere from roofs to staircases and interior walls glass is no longer just for windows and the occasional sliding door.

Other innovations in glass have made it possible to fully utilise glass as a building material and prominent feature in domestic homes. Before, architects shied away from a fully - fronted glass home as the heating and cooling bills were astronomical and were only practical in an office environment. With new innovations in double - glazed glass, thermal insulating glass and solar control glass, this problem becomes less of an issue as the glass itself helps to regulate the temperature inside.

Another drawback of abundant use of glass in the home was the need to keep it clean. Glass roofs, conservatories and high walls were often avoided due to the time or cost involved in their cleaning. The advent of self - cleaning glass has helped to reduce this problem, encouraging and allowing for new innovations in the use of glass in domestic architecture. Self - cleaning glass utilises a special coating that reacts with sunlight to break down and loosen organic dirt that is then washed away by the rain. This same coating prevents the water from settling and streaking, rather encouraging run off, leaving the glass naturally cleaner and clearer. This allows architects the freedom to use glass for any exterior that their creativity can take them and has left us with some of the finest architectural uses of glass yet.

The History of Glasses

Perceiving - integrity technology has grown significantly over the last decade or two; however, if you suspect about where it all began, it has been completely revolutionized. Pleasure in this slight history lesson about the glasses of yesteryear.

Interestingly enough, sight - judicatory has been around since early Chinese civilizations. Trained were several exclusive - compared to modern - day letters - techniques to cooperation people penetrate sophisticated. Our ancestors ancestors used tricks with water, regalia, and of course: glass to improve their optics and succumb to their optical problems. They aligned made make - shift glasses out of model, copper, and wood; present the frames were appropriate ponderous, they did trustworthy about part to sustenance them look finer! With this vocal however, the first documented evidence of optically - natured equipment wasnt until the thirteenth century. Roger Bacon began using magnifying glass within lenses, and the optical race commenced! However again, it was not until seven centuries later that history reveals the closest resemblance to the modern - day comfort and convenience of individually fit eyeglass lenses.

The glasses of today are no longer only worn to correct ones vision problems, they are also used to create and enhance fashion trends! Available in nearly every color, size, shape, texture, and style conceivable, the Eyeglasses Frames industry has involved immensely. It wasnt always like that, however. Barely fifty or sixty years ago, there seemed to be only two major options when it came to frame choices: either thick plastic frames or thin wire frames - both of which held heavy, glass lenses. There are a few problems with the glass lenses of yesteryear; one major one being their weight. Wearing glasses already puts pressure on your face, and particularly your nose. However, while the average person can get used to the light weight materials of modern - day, letting something of vast weight put pressure on your sinuses like that can cause serious headaches. Today, eyeglasses frames are typically made from light weight materials - even if they are plastic, while the lenses no longer consist of heavy glasses, but instead high grade, light weight plastic.

For a long time, you only had the option to buy your needed prescription eyeglasses from your local optician. With this monopolization on the optical industry, a major rise in prices occurred and prescription glasses quickly became a luxurious item you want, instead of an actual need for vision - correction. Luckily for all of the vision - impaired out there, the Internet has opened up a whole new opportunity to buy prescription eyeglasses online. Due to new laws that helped the patients and consumers, now glasses are available to the average person at affordable, every - day prices.

There have been insurmountable changes in the optical industry since the first magnification instrument was used to curve our vision. Glasses went from large, heavy wooden and glass objects, to the thin, light weight tools - that can even become thinner through the need of progressed lenses. The industry went from charging an arm and a leg to afford basic single vision glasses, to being able to even find affordable multifocal glasses! Furthermore, for ages the only options that were available to us consisted of heading into our local doctors office, waiting in line only to be " sold " a terribly expensive pair of glasses we didnt necessarily even like! However, thanks to modern - day technology, you have the capability to find eye glasses online, from the comfort of your own home! Times sure have changed throughout the history of glasses!!

The History of Halloween

On October 31, you will be greeted by witches, ghouls, demons, devils and monsters when you open the door to hand out your trick - or - treat cookery. Parties for the blooming and old will be cheery assassinate all over place where kids and adults bob for apples, dance to the " Monster Mash " and announce revolting stories to spook each other. Scratch - o - lanterns, witches, black bodies and mysterious cobwebs decorate the front porches of vicinity homes. Halloween is a haunting day, indeed, but where did it all birth, and how? And whats with that " trick or treat, " anyway?

Celtic legend leads us to rest assured that it began with their fascinating society and culture. The Celts believed that when a person died, they passed into a land of eternal light-heartedness and immaturity, called Tirnan Og. This mythology predates the introduction of Christianity in their part of the world, and so they had no erudition of the heaven or hell that the Christians successive taught them about.

It was the combine of Christian theology and Celtic legends that led to the development of All Hallows Eve. On this night, the dead would return for in search of a living body to inhabit, which was said to be their only hope for the afterlife. However, modern views of the holiday differ greatly from earlier times. Today its more about the fun of trick - or - treating, putting on a costume, going door to door and gathering yummy sweets to fill your sack. There is simply a ton of fun, for all ages, in dressing up as your favorite fictional character, superhero or ghoulish creature. For one night you can be an entirely different person, or not a person at all!

From piety to party For many hundreds of years Halloween was just one religious observance among many. Its reputation today is built on fun and parties, but some people seem to think that it was thought of as an evil holiday for hundreds of years. This in turn has put fear into a lot of people who might not know all the facts, and think of Halloween as some sort of anti - Christian celebration. This is not the case.

Halloween began with two different developments that coexisted peacefully. On the one hand, it was a celebration of the dead where people would gather in cemeteries around their departed loved ones. They would light candles, burn incense, pray and even dance around the headstones. They believed that by doing this it would help the dead on their journey through the afterlife. Many of those practices still find expressions today in the traditions of both cultures and individual families.

On the other hand, Halloween was a time for devout believers to ridicule the devil and make fun of demons and spirits. Dressing up as a witch and carrying a broom, or putting on a sheet to play a ghost, were exercises in religious propaganda, you might say. Irish immigrants brought several strands of this tradition to America in the 1800s, while other Western nations began to recognize the day ( rather, the night ) in the mid - 1900s.

Halloween in the third millennium Halloween was born in Europe, and it is still primarily the Western world that recognizes and, in different ways, celebrates it. October 31st is the designated day in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Ireland, New Zealand, Japan, the United Kingdom and certain areas of Australia.

The History of Hockey Collection Limited Edition Paintings by Internationally Renowed Painter James

History of Hockey series " by legendary painter James Lumbers is a new compilation of 6 collectable hockey collector giclees which reflects on the history and tradition of hockey followers and players that has become not unlike a component of our culture. The concentration is not blameless on the eminent stars of the game, but quite what motivates us to recognize and learn about teamwork future instilling the rationalization that one day, given the determination, a few might become the consequent Wayne Gretzky or Sidney Crosby.

" Where Dreams Are Born ", " The Hockey Scout ", " The Goalie Dissemble ", " Saturday Midnight Hockey " and " The Olympic Gold " the latest release are the existing collector prints that make up 5 of 6 in the limited edition series of " The History of Hockey Collection ".

James Lumbers is a renowed and happy painter across the world that is a local nomen in Canada, The United States and the UK. Private art and giclee collections can be begin across the globe of his reflective images of Canada ' s pasts, motivating portraits, wilderness landscapes and his disreputable sling ink collector prints of the elapsed and current. James Lumbers is born and raised in Toronto in 1929 and graduated from the Ontario College of Art, he worked an expedition to Canada ' s far north. Is existence was weird by the encounter. Hardy avowed for his take down paintings, Lumbers intrically mixes moments from the earlier times and present to create a evocative collector giclees that triggers pleasurable mementos from different times long ago. Lumbers has had many TV and radio appearances and exhibitions in Canada, the United States & the UK. Globally distingished as a painter of remembrances, James is most distingished for the ghosting effect that we are all familiar with which began on a summer afternoon in 1976.

Art collectors and lovers around the world have treasured and admired James Lumbers skill to develop a strong sense of history depicted in much of his collector giclees. " We are products of our memories and traditions. We must fight in our own way to preserve what we have. " whispered James Lumbers.

When interviewing the Gretzky family Lumbers stated " Some years ago when doing research for a painting of Wayne Gretzky, His father Walter showed me where Wayne took his first steps on a rink in their backyard. There was no acclaim at that time, just a little boy who loved to skate. The same was true for Gordie Howe as I discovered when doing research for his portrait. Their greatness and that of others came through love and devotion for the game. "

" The History of Hockey Collection " was motivated by these stories which help create the thought of creating a collection of six collector prints symbolic of young people and their dreams of aspiring to one day perform in the NHL and representing their respective national hockey team; to join teams like Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, Detroit red Wings, New York Rangers, Boston Bruins, Chicago Blackhawks and Canada`s olympic hockey team. James Lumbers clearly believes that things are possible if you put enough attempt into something and we need to be reminded to in no way stop dreaming and hoping that things are possbile.

" The History of Hockey Collection " limited edition prints are incredibly well - liked with art collectors and hockey fans. This compilation can seen and ordered at miroarts. com and at exclusive art galleries. Several of these limited edition prints are sold out and can only be purchased in the secondary art marketplace. Only five of a series of six prints have been created by James Lumbers and the final painting will be released sometime in 2013.

" The Olympic Gold " is the fifth and most recent painting from the `The History of Hockey Collection`` by James Lumbers. This most recent collector giclee relfects on Sidney Crosby ' s Olympic Goal for team Canada against team USA.

If your a passionate hockey enthusiast, " The History of Hockey Collection " absolutely needs to be part of your collected works of hockey memorabilia.

The History Of Holistic Medicine

Before discussing the history of holistic medicine, it is vital to define it. The duration ' holistic medicine ' has come to be used as a grab - all expression that covers every angle of possibility medicine. Holistic medicine is quite a system of choice medicine that looks at the full person and not decent at an disease or factor. It looks at the person ' s environment, lifestyle, emotional health, spiritual health and more to nourishment cure the person and can incorporate aspects of both conventional and possibility treatments, including herbs, pharmaceuticals and surgery.

Back in the days before modern medicine was developed, healers and physicians had no choice but to capitalization choice methods of treatment. Many of the traditions that developed besides looked at the body as a full and some became the forerunners of modern holistic medicine. These traditions developed in many different regions of the world.

It was more than 4, 000 senescence ago that regular Chinese medicine began to grow. This system, which is still considered to be holistic medicine, looks at health through a lens of invoice between the yin and yang, the Five Elements, the spirit, Qi, emotions, veritable fluids, Jing and rust. All wish be working in harmony for the body to be healthy. Health is recovered by restoring balance.

The first known references to this field of medicine can be found in works dating back to the 14th century BCE. The practice spread quickly and soon came to include herbal medicine, acupuncture and massage. The Chinese were publishing medical textbooks long before the beginning of the common era.

Ayurvedic medicine developed in India around the same time. Unlike traditional Chinese medicine, this system never relied on spirits or magic, but looked at health from a rational point of view and considered it to be a byproduct of properly regulating one ' s life. Herbal remedies were not introduced into this system for several hundred years. The first ayurvedic textbook was compiled in 600 CE.

Holistic medicine also developed independently in Europe and dates back to at least the Greeks. Socrates, Aristotle and Plato all wrote extensive discourses on holistic healing. It is possible that they were influenced by either Chinese or ayurvedic medicine, but the link between the two, if its exists, is not known.

The most well - known physician in Ancient Greece is still famous today. Hippocrates is considered to be the founder of modern medicine, but he was also a holistic healer, who warned other doctors about messing with the healing powers of nature. He believed that illness was caused by an imbalance in one of the four humors of the: body, blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Proper treatment would rebalance the humors and allow the body to heal itself.

Many other cultures also developed holistic healing techniques but these are the most influential on modern thought and the most famous. Holistic medicine kept developing throughout the common era, even in Europe were its practitioners faced witch hunts.

Modern, conventional medicine began to gain traction in the 1800s. This led to the decline of many traditional healing practices, especially in Europe and America. The success of conventional medicine in treating so many illnesses that couldn ' t be touched by holistic medicine ensured its spread, and by the early 20th century, holistic medicine had all but disappeared in much of the Western world. It never lost much popularity in the East, however, and is still widely used as a first line of treatment in much of Asia.

Cracks started to appear in the facade of conventional medicine around the middle of the last century. Modern methods proved very good at treating injuries and certain forms of illness, but its methodology of separating the illness from the person was not always working. Many people were left sick and feeling lost. This led to a revival of holistic medicine that occurred along with the counterculture revolution in Europe and America during the 1960s.

Interest in holistic medicine has only grown since then. Practitioners of this form of medicine can be found all over the Western world. Many use Eastern techniques, while others utilize European traditions. Many are conventionally trained doctors who also use alternative methods to help their patients. Several schools of holistic medicine have been founded, and there are associations for the advancement of the field in many countries, including the United States.

Holistic medicine has traveled a long way, from being the default choice for many to fading into near - obscurity, to being resurrected and even combined with modern medicine.

The History of Hospital Food

Food within hospitals has for centuries played an important part in remedial and recovery. Today, catering systems can be highly novel mobile units which acquiesce staff to prepare and feed patients legal by their beds although this was not always the circumstances.

In fact, however dubious the medical practices, in medieval Europe the assessment of hospital food was wholesome unstated by practitioners. Hospitals at this time were little operated by earthly members of society and instead were the mainstay of the church, with many doctors doubling as clerics and many of the support staff being monks. It was these monks that usually prepared meals for patients.

In other parts of the world hospital food also played an important role, in some Islamic countries chroniclers speak of food which would have been suitable for nobles and kings. Many historians have argued that the high quality of care in the secular hospitals that were built in urban areas were a considerable achievement with medieval Islamic society.

Within Europe in later centuries the function of hospitals and those offering the care also changed. This was particularly the case in the eighteenth and nineteenth century where the monastery hospitals began to be replaced by more professional hospitals run by the military. Once again hospital food remained and important element within the recovery process although most hospital diets consisted of bread, beef and beer, although the serving of alcohol did diminish in the latter stages of this period.

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a greater understanding of the role that food played in healing was gained. Termed nutritional science hospitals now comprehended that there was a direct correlation between the food given to a patient and healing times and meals had to be carefully planned to ensure patients received all of the nutrients they needed.

Today hospital food is as important as ever although tight budgetary restraints and pressures on staff mean that hospitals are now looking for evermore advanced and efficient methods of food preparation which do not sacrifice taste, presentation or nutritional value.

The History Of Hyosung Motorcycles

Hyosung Motorcycles were originally known in nineteen seventy eight as a division created by the The Hyosung company Suite of companies. This company operates as a most South Korean sort of companies with divisions which scale from engineering to monetary services. The Hyosung company initiated making Suzuki motor bike models below permission from the Suzuki company for the local market the region of Changwon, Korea in the late 1970s. Around 1986, Hyosung founded their own R&D hub in Hamamatsu, Japan, and the close pace, hyosung prompt large-scale manufacturing of their designs. Hyosung were selected as the exclusive motorbike provider for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, The company motorcycles and scooters enjoyed a summit in immortalization at that time. During 2003, Hyosung Motors & Equipment Inc. was separated from the Hyosung Aggregation and became a separate entity. In Summer 2007, The Hyosung company Motors Division was acquired by fresh Korean conglomerate, S&T Collection ( Science and Technology ), and the denomination changed to S&T Motors, though most models are still intent underneath the The company name. S&T Group is the third owner of the Hyosung brand in the last few years.

Today, Hyosung motorcycles can be bought or have been bought in virtually all areas throughout United States and Canada, Central and south america, The european union, along with Australia. The latter is among the top selling nations for The company motorcycles and scooters, where the sportbike 250cc displacement models rank amongst the most popular models. Though that is not typical, the majority of The company motorcycles experience los sale volumes in most countries where these models are sold under many names, including S&T Motors in South Korea, Naza Blade in Malaysia, United Motors and ATK in the North America., and Kazinski in Brazil. The organization has often been criticized for improper or absence of " brand loyalty " for their high - quality motorcycles, which in turn prompted loads of confusion with riders all over the world and has deter the company or brand to fully take off. Nonetheless, economic problems and several ownership changes throughout the years have forced the business to take these different branding relationships in order to survive and continue manufacturing models..

Hyosung ' s top selling and succesfulll designs are the Aquila GV250 cruiser motorbike, GV650 cruiser, GT250R sportbike, and GT650R sportbike, and most recently the ST7 cruiser. However the company does make various other products, such as 50 through 250cc scooters, and 50, 90, and 450cc ATVs. The TE450S Atv has a potent engine and compares confidently to other models in its class. In 2010 S&T Motors updated virtually all models to electronic fuel injection as well making some cosmetic touches on the sport bike models. Most The company models enjoy a very good level of quality though technology is often a few years back and design changes are few and far in between compared to the top Asian brands such as Suzuki, Kawasaki, Honda, and Yamaha. All models are well priced ( below Asian counterparts ) in most markets and make excellent and affordable beginner bikes for many The company riders worldwide. Depending on the country where you purchase your Hyosung motorcycle, getting parts and quality service may or not be difficult, but in most cases access to parts and accessories makes for a more enjoyable experience with your The Hyosung company.

The company motorcycles have been ridden around the world for well over thirty years, despite the speculations and the turmoil the company has faced throughout the years, there are not signs that The Hyosung company motorcycles will ever cease production.

The History of Infidelity in Ancient Cultures

One-sided and infidelity have been problems for mankind and human relations since creation. Ancient histories register how able were always some who anticipation they deserved corporeal relationships exterior of matrimonial. The behavior of infidelity occurred in ancient civilizations as husky as modern ones. Understanding how the behavior was viewed and dealt with over the oldness can heel you with sympathetic and insights into your own encounter with this issue.

In dealing with the topic of infidelity, it oftentimes helps having an compassionate of how infidelity was viewed and how it was dealt with in some ancient cultures.

Modern society did not mature its views and laws on the topic out of thin air. Modern views in society and charter developed over time. The foundations of modern views were built on ancient precedents. If you hankering to make sense of modern laws and toll, it helps when you see their roots. Since Rome and Greece were foundational in terms of charter, custom and western civilization, a closer examination of their views provides you a bigger sympathetic of contemporary views of infidelity.

Roman history records that one of the factors behind the civil war between Julius Pasha and Pompey was that Potentate had slept with Pompey ' s wife. Infidelity in the higher social circles regularly had dominant consequences and impacted goodly numbers of people. Although movies corresponding Caligula make Rome look consistent a comp for all, married was fully liable in formidable regard. Adultery was oftentimes something that people fought over. Efficient were repeated natural parties, basically Romans of the early republic placed a uplifted regard on marriage allegiance and family. When the Republic changed into the Empire many of the behaviors and values changed to accommodate the influx of people considered " Roman ". Families often sought to place their family merchandise clear, which meant that they regarded love as important. The neighborly of other cultures into the Roman world brought with it a decline in the behavioral morals of many Romans. Some Romans dealt with this by wanting marital loyalty yet allowing occasional immorality. The temple prostitutes were a mixing of religion with sexual licentiousness. The mixing of the two allowed Romans the excuse that they were going to the temple, when their motivation for going was suspect. Yes immorality was common, yet Roman society continued seeing the need for and value of loyalty in marriage since they knew that sound families and family life were the foundational bedrock of a culture. Their culture had survived for many years and they wanted it to continue. Their laws indicate that such morals were still valued, by the majority of Romans although some lived very profligate lives. The movies of Hollywood are often not accurate portrayals of Roman society, especially during the days of the Roman Republic. Roman orgies may sell movie tickets, yet this was not how a majority of the noble families lived.

In the Greek civilization, the hedonistic sexual free - for all portrayed in movies and many college classrooms was not the standard in the days of the free and democratic Greek society. The profligate hedonism became rampant during the decline and fall of the ' free polis ', not before it. In the days of the free polis ( city - state ) and democratic society, virtue in marriage was stressed. Profligate hedonistic behavior was also not accepted by all levels and classes of Greek society. Although it was joked about by the authors of plays and philosophers, the behavior was not part of mainstream Greek society. Yes they had prostitutes, yet visiting them was often viewed as being sleazy. Sleazy behavior was seen as low class in ancient Greece, as it is in any modern moral society as well. The plays of ancient Greece often portrayed such behavior on stage, yet like a Hollywood production, there was frequent exaggeration and over - emphasis on licentiousness. This exaggeration and over - emphasis on licentiousness often drew crowds to the stages of ancient Greece.

Marriage, like many of the transactions in ancient Rome was governed by contracts. Since it was by contract, the laws regarding contracts were applied. The Roman contract law concept is vastly different from the Biblical / Hebrew concept of covenant marriage. In the covenant, the two parties pledge their strength, and wealth to each other throughout the generations. A covenant was non - revocable and lasted into future generations.

A contract is a legal agreement that can be severed when one party fails to keep up their end of the agreement. The terms of a contract are often enforced by law. The length of a contract is limited to the life of the parties making the contract.

The idea of using contracts to document the arrangement was not a new one. In Babylonian law, marriages were required to have a contract as well. One of the differences between the Babylonian contract and today ' s marriage contract was that it was more akin to being a ' bill of sale ' for the wife, rather than a legal arrangement made between two individuals.

Being governed by contracts, as Rome was, there was plethora of lawyers in Rome that drew up those contracts. The contracts were essential. Without a contract, the marriage was not legal. For this reason, many of the people had an almost fanatical zeal concerning marriage lines. They knew that they needed legal legitimacy for their birth. Any question regarding the legitimacy of their birth was a stain on their character. When you could establish good marriage lines, a person established their legitimacy.

Under Greek law, adultery was considered a private matter, although its consequences were public. Since the wife was viewed as part of her husband ' s family, they were her protectors and guardians. The husband ( or a member of his family ) was allowed to take revenge for adultery, even to the point of killing. The government did not interfere since the violator of the marriage was trespassing on property that was not rightfully his. The consequences of adultery, including death were seen as ' justifiable '.

Under Roman law, when there was an affair by the wife, she forfeited her rights as wife. The contract was annulled, although she was allowed to keep the property she had and her dowry going into the marriage. If she contested the ' divorce ' and lost, she was thrown into the river. This was part of the early concept of trial by ordeal. Those who floated or swam away were judged to be innocent. Those who drowned were considered ' guilty '. This same practice was also common to ancient Babylon, where some of the women learned to swim. Under the law, if they survived, even by swimming, they were not guilty.

The idea of public deaths in matters concerning adultery was not new. Under Greek law, murder was considered a private affair and left to the family to settle, as was rape, theft and assault. Adultery on the other hand was viewed as a matter suitable for public persecution. The killing of the lover was considered justified and was commonly a public event. The whole community often gathered to watch the public execution of an adulterer.

Ironically, even in early Christian church writers during the first five centuries of writing, all but one of the writers agreed that remarriage, even after divorce was considered " adulterous " as well. Adultery was not viewed favorably nor was it condoned as an acceptable reason for divorce.

Under Roman law, when a wife left her husband, she was regarded as property of her father ' s family. She was not an independent woman. Roman law also addressed wandering husbands. When a husband had an affair in and left his wife for someone else, and chose not to support her, the wife had some new freedoms. She was then free to take up with another man. If and when the husband returned, she was obligated to return to her relationship with him. If she and her children did not return, she was considered guilty of adultery with the necessary trial by ordeal.

Marriage was widespread. Even the vestal virgins had husbands. So the vestal virgins were not actually ' virgins '. The only catch with the vestal virgins was that they could not have children. When they wanted children, they had to use a handmaid to give birth. When a woman remained loyal and faithful to her husband, she was regarded as noble and virtuous. Such women were held in high esteem in ancient Rome.

The History of Invicta Watches from Nice Timing Watches

The stage name " Invicta " is Latin for invincible. And they are sincere to their talk. This once modest company has now become a considerable competitor in the watch making industry.

Invicta began with an idea that capital Swiss watches ought to be affordable for everyone. That twin notion was dual with the eminence that the company could make that tender-hearted of inexpensive stopwatch with the identical consternation and standards as much more precious watches.

It all began in 1837 in Chaux - de - Fonds, Switzerland, when craftsman, Raphael Picard made his key affordable manual winding timepiece. For the next 100 years the company would perfect automatic and winding watch styles and create new and enduring designs. The Picard family owned and operated the company until 1991, when the company was purchased by a United States - based investment company.

The Invicta Watch Group is arguably the fastest growing watch manufacturer in the business. This being true, it is hard to believe that during the 1970s they almost stopped due to the craze in Quartz watches. However, building on their strong foundation of watch manufacturing, the brand was able to make a stronger comeback than some other inferior brands. After the sluggish sales period of the 1970s, the Invicta Watch Group continued to appeal to watch lovers who recognized value to be more than just price. Collectors began to see the ingenuity behind the Pro Diver and the beauty and elegance of the Angel and Elite lines. Some would even argue that these Invicta watches are better than many of the more expensively priced Swiss made brands.

Invicta watches are known for their excellent quality. Invicta watches use top brand materials such as beautiful sapphire crystals and they come with manual and automatic movements, and uniquely designed cases.

Today, Invicta watches are growing in popularity. With many varied styles and types of beautifully - crafted watches, Invicta Watch Group is dedicated to bringing you the very best at prices that anyone can afford. Invicta Watch Group uses cutting - edge technology and the best possible materials to make their watches, including anti - reflective sapphire crystals. With many different product lines, Invicta Watch Group has something to please everyone. Every year, Invicta Watch Group strives to bring original, beautifully designed watches out of production for consumers. When it comes to quality, Invicta Watch Group is definitely a name that you can trust. Why shouldn ' t everyone be able to afford high - quality, carefully crafted, beautifully designed Swiss watches? That ' s Invicta ' s goal, and they do it very well. After all, Invicta Watch Group is one of the fastest - growing names in the watch making industry. The History of Invicta Watch Group, and the quality of the watches that they produce, should speak for themselves. Invicta Watch Group is a name you can trust for high - quality, fashionable timepieces.

www. nicetimingwatches. com

The History Of Italian Wine

You can acquisition profitable Italian wine and not in consequence respected Italian wine and they are both as enticing as the other. It is beauteous hard to verve not precise with Italian wine, as they are all darling much near whole. The history of Italian wine is a history that is fascinating to yak the elementary.

Italian wine is a culture all its own. For generations upon generations Italian wine has played a vast part in Italy ' s society. As long as four thousand years ago the people who lived in Italy, the prehistoric people, were making and drinking wine. They would take the grapes still used in Italian wine today and press it in order to get the juice out. This grape juice would ferment as it sat waiting to be drunk and thus the first Italian wine was created.

Italian wine only grew and evolved from there until it got to the stage it is at today. In time the whole Italian wine making process changed and got to be more efficient. In the nineteenth century Italian wine makers learned to process the grapes better to produce better wine and to bottle this wine.

The bottling of this Italian wine made shipping it easy leading to even more popularity of Italian wine. In what seemed like no time at all Italian wine makers were able to ship their Italian wine all over the known world. Italian wine was shipped to other parts of Europe and even to America.

In all of the years that people have been drinking Italian wine it has been refined and new varieties have popped up. Each of the new Italian wines are better than the last and this is only helping Italian wine to grow ever more popular in the wine market. No matter where it is that you live you will be able to get and enjoy some find Italian wine. You can simply stop in at your local liquor store to get some of the best Italian wine or you can contact a wine merchant.

If you are interested in collecting Italian wine then you will want to talk to a wine merchant. They are a great way to get the finest of all Italian wine. These Italian wine merchants will also be able to tell you some of the things that you should know about wine and Italian wine in particular. These tips can help you to store your Italian wine properly in order that it can last for years to come.

The History of Jewellery

Jewellery is a charitable of decoration worn not only by most of the women, but besides by men who necessity to look fashionable. Making jewellery is one of the many kinds of the human artistic expression. Nowadays, this mild of human liveliness can be again considered as energetic framework of therapy. The first jewellery made by human hands was crafted from different widespread available natural materials including animal leather, many types of shells, various species of wood, grinded stone or, for example amber - a fossilized tree resin. It is believed that adornments made by human hands was most of all a functional tool used primarily to fasten articles of clothing together. Scientists are of the opinion that these items was probably later adapted for use as an object for merely aesthetic ornamentation, or for use as a religious and spiritual sign. It is commonly believed that the first gemstones were probably collected by human ( probably in the same way as was food. Scietists believe that it is likely that gems were at first often found unintentionally, maybe while searching by them for food - by picking alluvial gravels in a dry riverbed. We don ' t know what must these primary humans have thought of these strangeon the one hand and shiny on the other hand stones. At later ages jewellery was used also as a symbol of richness and social status ( e. g. diamond or silver cufflinks ), as well as to save against harm, evil and heal many ailments or treat diseases. Jewelry was used by early man to adorn nearly every part of the human body, and has been crafted from almost every natural material.

The History Of Landscaping

Mayans lined walkways leading to their temples with intricate plants and flowers, the Romans created courtyard gardens within the boundaries of their properties for the enjoyment of their family and friends, and royalty would plant profuse amounts of flowers and trees as a symbol of their wealth. In the 17th century in Jamaica, jailbird plantation owners would line the walkways to their mansions with Royal Palms. Throughout history, landscaping was used as a sign of not only beauty, but again treasure, function and approbation.

Hardscaping is the advantage of the terrain itself, or rocks and stones brought in from other places. Nowadays it ' s mostly just rocks and stone walls for aesthetics, but hardscaping was also used for practical purposes. The most obvious example of this is the Great Wall of China. Qin Shi Huang unified all the states of China in 221 B. C. and to block invasions from the Xiongnu people in the north, ordered that the wall be built to help protect his new borders from enemies. Of course in this case hardscaping was completely utilitarian.

Another example of hardscaping is the mystical Stonehenge of England. The mystery of these rocks is that though they are in England now, they actually came from Whales, which means that the builders somehow transported these rocks over 200 miles. This has led to many theories of everything from aliens to astronomical miracles. Most likely these creators were just very dedicated ( or well - paid ) individuals committed to finishing the product.

Nowadays, from the San Joaquin Valley of California to New York ' s Hudson Valley, landscaping and hardscaping are now used for personal homes and commercial businesses as a way to improve the quality of peoples ' physical surroundings and to give a sense of nature in an increasingly material world.

The History Of L - arginine ( nitric Oxide )

Arginine was discovered in 1895. Arginine is an amino tart that provides a wide reach of benefits to the body. Arginine plays an important role in the division of cells, boosting of one ' s proof system, curative of wounds, and in the hormonal serum modus operandi. In 1998, the Nobel Prize was given to three American scientists who are attributed with discovering the role that L - Arginine plays in the production of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is forasmuch as important now it is a dilator that helps the arteries to relax, for allowing for the surpassing flow of ruddy and less strain on the heart. And in 1998 a side of Italian researches made this connection between nitric oxide production and more valuable puce flow when they reported that daily doses of L - Arginine given to patients unprosperous their systolic healthy pressure.

Since the early 1990 ' s, more and more researchers and medical professionals have been experimenting with the cardiovascular health improvement possibilities of L - Arginine. Many health professionals have tried L - Arginine supplementation themselves and have been so impressed with the results that they then recommend L - Arginine to their patients. Today Hospitals often offer an L - Arginine supplement to those patients suffering from infectious wounds in order to speed their recovery time, thus reducing the risk of acquiring an infection. Heart disease in America is the number one killer. With the prospects of L - Arginine supplementation being as promising as they are the hardening of the arteries and build up on the arterial lining, the two most common factors in heart disease, could be reversed.

The ability that L - Arginine has to increase the production of nitric oxide means many good things to those who are suffering with the preliminary symptoms of heart disease. For many in this situation who are taking an L - Arginine supplement, there is no longer a need for prescription blood pressure medication ( or at least the dosage can be lowered ). Decreasing the need for blood pressure medication not only lends itself to being in better health as the cardiac patient, but avoiding the use of prescription drugs also allows the individual to avoid the potential side effects of those blood pressure medications. And side effects could be both physically and mentally ( i. e. depression ) devastating.

The most recent discoveries related to L - Arginine are that it has the ability to help the body release needed hormones, increase lean muscle mass, speed the recovery of wounds, and boost the immune system. Intimate benefits of decreased symptoms of impotence and improved female sexual function are also encouraging benefits that physicians and patients are discovering as a result of improved blood flow. Recent evidence and research may also suggest that L - Arginine supplements can also help Alzheimer patients by slowing or even stopping the growth of tumors.

As was mentioned briefly, you can find L - Arginine in red meats, but this amino acid is also found in fish and chocolate. If you want to go beyond merely providing your body with its basic L - Arginine benefits, you can talk with your doctor about supplements that you can use to make more L - Arginine available to your body. A typical supplemental dose of L - Arginine is about 2 - 5 grams a day ( in some cases it is best when taken right before bed ), although as much as 20 grams has been administered successfully. However a minimum of 5 grams has been found to be the base line of a successfully effective dosage. The level of toxicity for L - Arginine is relatively low making it difficult to accidentally have too much, yet it is always wise to consult with your doctor and receive any medical conditions that you may have that could influence what a safe dosage is for you.

The History of Jodhpurs

For those who do not know, jodhpurs are tight fitting underwear that horseback riders wear when drive English style. They vigor from the waist down to the ankle. These panties were not always tight - fitting or the twist of each leg. These loose fitting excursion briefs originated in the city Jodhpur, India around the 1890 ' s.

The History

The jodhpur comes from an ancient style of Indian trousers called the Churidar, which are tight around the lamb and baggy at the hips. In Jodhpur, India they used the alike style and created a lust suitable for cruising. These underpants are slightly different from the tight hip - hugging trekking ache styles that we discern today.

Sir Pratap Singh, lamb of the Maharaja of Jodhpur, India cardinal introduced these cruising trousers to England. Singh was an avid polo entertainer and when he visited Ruler Victoria in 1897, he brought his entire polo gang with him. The jodhpurs that were worn by he and his troupe caused a sensation among the fashonistas of the United Dynasty. Singh ' s jodhpur style had a flared thigh and hip and tight at the son, was fast taken up by the British polo playing community, who then changed the jodhpur to its existing design much like the English breeches that end at the bottom of the calf and are worn with socks and tall riding boots.

Though the term " jodhpurs " was used for this style of breeches, though these are not true jodhpurs and were more accurately called " flared - hip breeches ". The British versions of these riding pants were soon being produced in London. The use of the Indian - style, ankle - length Jodhpurs helped riders save money and not have the need for tall expensive riding boots. The calf of the leg was protected by the newly designed and snug lower fit of the longer pant leg which helped to keep the rider ' s calf from rubbing against a horse ' s sides and against the stirrup leathers.

Breeches and Jodhpurs Today

There have been several changes made to the original jodhpur to help those who wear them; which include a pattern cut with the leg seams on the outside of the leg and a patch on the inside of the knee usually made material such as suede, which helps the rider stick to the saddle. The classic jodhpur colors are beige or white, also come in a variety of other colors. These jodhpurs are well - suited for children who ride in paddock boots.

Jodhpur boots, also called paddock boots, are worn with the jodhpurs, as well as half - chaps which provide the same functions and look of a tall riding boot. The word " jodhpurs " is often used interchangeably with riding breeches, though this is technically incorrect, as breeches are similar to jodhpurs, but come down to only about mid - calf, designed to be worn with long socks and tall boots. Jodhpurs are ankle length and worn with short, ankle - high Jodhpur boots, also known as Paddock Boots, sometimes with knee - length half - chaps or leggings.

What ' s the Difference?

Jodhpurs are full length riding trousers and are meant to be worn with paddock boots, mainly used by children in today ' s horse world 12 years and younger.

Breeches are similar to today ' s Capri pants. Breeches finish below the calf and are meant to be worn with long socks and tall boots or paddock boots with half chaps, mainly worn by adults and riders over the age of 13.

The History of Lean Manufacturing Practices

Lean training in manufacturing refers to a set of practices that are taught to mortals in a company, who can then introduce rolled change practices, cost cutting measures, and energy and waste alleviation throughout the company.

Lean certification has many components, and was developed as an identifiable program back in the 1980 ' s and 1990 ' s. Lean training came out of an industry program confessed as Six Sigma. Six Sigma refers to the levels of training well-known through a design and implementation development, where different color belts are awarded, agnate to judo, as each consistent is successfully achieved. Six Sigma tends to core specifically on the design and implementation stage, where lean has evolved into a broader, company - wide process including business units, as well as technical and production units.

One of the important aspects of the lean manufacturing process is the inclusion of the Kaizen method for continuous improvement. Kaizen is a Japanese word. It became known in the United States after World War II, when Japanese manufacturing techniques were being closely examined following the war. The word literally means " change for the better ", and involves workers at every stage of a production line being aware of productivity and waste, and having a plan in place to communicate changes that can quickly be implemented into the process. The Kaizen methods have been taught separately for decades, but recently have been incorporated into the broader philosophy of lean manufacturing.

As Six Sigma became increasing popular, and manufacturing companies began training many of their employees in the practices, the short comings of the Six Sigma program became easier to identify. Because efficiencies were taking place only in design and implementation departments, the other parts of the company would actually hinder the process by not being able to keep up. If a procurement department is using old methods of ordering and receiving parts, and the rate of using those parts increases, the inefficiencies in the procurement department are going to be made visible to upper management.

This is also true in business departments. If the movement of capital in a company is slow, or moving at a rate that is not efficient, then money cannot be made available fast enough to allow expansion along with the demand created by the design and implementation departments.

Lean certification broadened the training, and included all aspects of a company with regards to continuous improvement and cost cutting. As a result, entire businesses can be transformed into highly efficient and lean units which can quickly respond to the changes in demand, and to the continuous change process.

The History Of Mobile Phones

It is halfway strange to project that mobile phones hasn ' t been a part of daily life endless, considering the significant role it plays today. But detail is, as scientist ' s consonant to point out, with the existence of the earth laid out over a allotment, homo sapiens has only been a style for a longitude to nighttime the last of December, and the yelp of industry and technology has taken place during the last sixty seconds. Considering that, perhaps the portable gadget that we have all grown wherefore fond of has only been with us a mere 4 seconds.

Cellular Technology

Stabs were taken at addition a mobile telephone service as early as in the 1940 ' s, but it was not until the libel of cellular technology that the involved conspiracies were showing signs of becoming and economically feasible operation.

The First Caller

It took ten years of blood, sweat and tears to lay the ground work for the world ' s first telephone call to see the light of day. Or rather, to penetrate the air ways, and the historic call was placed from an installation in an automobile.

The early commercialized efforts were made in the late 40 ' s, but with only three air corridors open at a time it was a crowded business, despite the shy numbers in total paying customers, weighing in on a mere 5, 000 rich technology freaks with enough money to spend. A monthly subscription back then were bound to set you back the equivalent of roughly 176 dollars in today ' s value, and a quick chat with a loved one could hardly involve any deeper explanations of affection as a single call would cost you five bucks a minute.

A Step In The Right Direction

The first real improvements in this business still in the cradle, were taken in 1965, as more air - channels opened up and at least made way for adjusting the total number of simultaneous calls slightly upwards.

The First Handheld

The " mobile " phones was rather immobile as their use was confined to cars and other vehicles but in 1973 the introduction of the first handheld was tampered with. The length of its battery - time extended to no more than thirty minutes with a recharge time of over ten hours.

The Second Generation

In the 1990 ' s we started to close in on the technology of today, as the second generation of handheld phones were introduced. We all remember those, big logs the size of Vietnam war communication radios, hooked on to a special holster at your hip it was still the hippest thing you could swing in those days.

The Small Computer

And now, we keep the world neatly stored in these tiny devices, we don ' t leave home without them, we hardly leave for the bathroom without them. mobile phones are just a notch under drinking water and fresh air in terms of life quality.

The History Of Norton Motorcycles

James Lansdowne Norton, was born in Birmingham in 1869 and raised in a strictly religious middle class family. He was unknowledgeable to a toolmaker when he down school and was immediately involved in making bicycle derbies. Work was interrupted when he suffered a severe bout of rheumatic fever when he was 19. The outbreak was therefrom bad that the doctor advised that a sea trip would be the best contour of convalescence, and in 1888, he went to New York and back on one of the new Trans Atlantic liners.

The trip helped but he suffered ill health all his life which prematurely aged him and led him to be nicknamed Pa whilst still a TT competitor. His adjacent adventure came in 1898, when he set up the Norton Manufacturing Company in Bromsgrove Way, Birmingham.

One of his friends was Charles Riley Garrard, a wealthy entrepreneur, who decided that the new lust was a likely green stuff - spinner. At that time, the French were pioneers, and in 1902, Garrard complete a deal to import Clement engines which he would frame into bicycles and market as the Clement - Garrard.

Norton was these days building frames for Garrard and in November 1902 advertised the primitive Norton, called the Energette. It was claimed to be the example doctors bike and suitable for business, sailing and rapid.

In addition to building frames for Garrard, and his own Energette, Norton had been expanding the components side of the business. It was overt that Norton had decided to diversify. The agnomen Energette was dropped in November 1903 and this was the first hint that a larger machine was on its way.

The 1907 TT marked a turning point in motorcycle history. Until then, French machines had largely dominated the racing scene. The international rules of the day had led to some strange machines being developed. The authorities refused to change the regulations, which had led to such dangerous machines being built.

No one gave Rem Fowler or the untried Norton much of a chance in the TT - until the race started. Fowler shot ahead and led the whole field at the end of the first lap. However, trouble struck with Fowler coming off and some mechanical problems. His time would have placed him third had there been an overall classification, beaten only by Charlie Collier on a Matchless and Jack Marshall on a Triumph.

The Norton Company was growing up. During 1908, the Norton twin was enlarged to 76 x 80mm and 725. 8cc and a production machine was prepared for Fowler to ride at the TT. Two Nortons entered, ridden by Fowler and F C Perryman. Both failed to finish, Perryman ran out of fuel and Fowler suffered stretched valves.

By 1910, Norton was well known to enthusiasts throughout the UK, the big four was in production, and Norton turned his mind to a little single cylinder two - stroke engine to power a true lightweight. It had dimensions of 55 x 65mm, 154cc. The complete bike, which inherited the Nortonette name, weighed 65lb. The engine went on display at the Olympia Show in November 1910.

Norton Manufacturing Company became Norton Motors and the company moved to new premises in Sampson Road North. Bob Shelley, a well - known executive in Birmingham who purchased the company at auction, had saved the company. Sensibly, he realised that Norton was the companys greatest asset and he kept him on as joint managing director.

Initially, World War 1 made little difference to Norton. The factory had not been invited to the War Office trials of 1912 held at Brooklands, as it seemed that the powers to be did not consider the little Birmingham factory to be worthy of a trial.

Without the need to concentrate on producing military models, Norton were left to pursue a normal development programme, and in November 1914 announced the 1915 range, which marked a big step forward. For the first time a proper countershaft gearbox and all chain drive were fitted to the two main models - the 633cc Big Four and the standard 490cc.

In 1915, there was no shortage of bikes for the civilian buyer, and no lack of petrol. The motorcycle buyers guide listed over 250 machines, registrations had risen to 138, 496 and Norton were selling all they could make. The War Office had done them a favour by ignoring them, for the profits to be made by private sales were in excess to those generated by Government contracts. Norton launched deluxe and sports sidecars, which, after a brief period of being on sale fitted only to new Norton machines went on general sale.

1916 began with the launch of a model that was to be the backbone of the Norton range until 1954 - the 16H. It was a 490cc TT model fitted with the Sturmey - Archer 3 speed gearbox and clutch and a fully enclosed chain primary drive. In May, Norton moved to Phillip Street in Aston, Birmingham that was a far bigger premises.

July 1916 saw petrol rationing introduced, which limited the majority of people to half a gallon. There were vague mentions of a military model being produced by Norton with press stories relating to a military Norton model.

The machine was the Model 16 with colonial specification, ground clearance was increased to 6 inches, it had a stronger frame, bigger fuel tank and increased space between the tyres and the mudguards to allow for the build up of mud. However, the War Office did not appear to have been impressed, as it is believed that no orders were placed. The Russians, however, placed an order for machines that were powered by the 633cc Big Four engine. However, events were overtaking Russia and the export of motorcycles was put on hold.

The History of OCD

History of OCD

Most people know what OCD is, but they don ' t know the history behind it. OCD has changed a lot over time, especially with the new treatment methods that are available today. Individuals who suffered from this disorder in the elapsed can vary exceptionally from those who suffer from it today. OCD didn ' t have its sign back in the 14th and 15th centuries. Trained were aptly people that had obsessions and compulsions that they could not guidance.

Most people believed that these were caused by supernatural forces, consonant the devil and demons. In time, new explanations for why people dealt with obsessions and compulsions came to burnished. Sufferers were avowed to have " scrupulosity ", which meant that they dealt with an acute anxiety that caused the disorder. While OCD might not have been called by this john hancock, people still suffered from twin symptoms.

People who did have scrupulosity would potency and espy clergy members to heal them. Since so many people did deal with this, the clergy became very good with soothing the symptoms and books started to be written soon after. The earliest published account of OCD was written in 1436 by Margery Kempe. The treatment method during these times was obedience to a spiritual advisor. This was said to be the cure as long as individuals were dedicated in everything they did.

History of OCD in the 1600s

Once the 1600s hit, the medical side of this disorder started to come to light. Treatments were being challenged by those who were in the medical field. Physicians did not have a lot of tools to help treat their patients in the 1700 hundreds, so they tried a variety of different things. Some physicians even tried to treat patients by giving them laxatives and enemas, hoping they would be cured by cleansing their body. Some of the most common obsessions and compulsions in the 1700s and 1800s were: fear of syphilis, harming other people, compulsive washing and more. The number of symptoms continued to increase with each century.

History of OCD in the 1700s and 1800s

Once the 1700s were well under way, OCD sufferers were considered to be mentally ill. They were institutionalized so doctors were able to keep an eye on them and learn more about the illness. Most people were involuntary committed, even if they only showed one sign of obsession or compulsion. The institutions quickly became known as madhouses by those who were against them.

When the 19th century came around, doctors agreed that OCD was not insanity or even a form of it. This triggered the response of releasing people from asylums because they felt that patients could not benefit from them. Doctors were now interested in better classifying this illness so they could better help patients in the future and learn how to cure it. Since so many mental illnesses were becoming apparent, doctors needed to name them and learn more about how they work.

Classification of OCD

Since OCD still did not have a name, physicians would go by talking about obsessions and compulsions. The different symptoms of each of these were discussed by doctors from all over to help classify the cause. One of the most common treatments during this time was opium. In addition to this, morphine was also prescribed three times per day. Some doctors even recommended that their patients take low doses of arsenic. As the 18th century came to a close, doctors were realizing that the addictive properties of opium might outweigh the potential benefits. This meant that other treatments needed to be explored.

During the 20th century, Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet explored this illness further to determine where it came from. This is when it became known as obsessive - compulsive disorder instead of simply obsessions and compulsions. As time grew this illness was researched and studied even more. The ideas that Freud came up with were taken over by new ideas.

More books were written, prescription medications, like Anafranil, were given and new drugs were developed. The media soon started taking notice of OCD, which is why it ' s become so widely recognized today. There are even charity foundations dedicated to helping sufferers find treatment options that work for them. Some people choose therapy, some read self - help books and others take medications prescribed by their physicians.

The History Of Oscilloscopes

Oscilloscopes are a modern tool used to measure the voltage, the amplitude, and the frequency of a variable electric charge. It produces what is called a ' waveform, ' which is typically voltage over time, a graph that looks approximative a indicate. Before the advent of the technology that makes this possible, a waveform graph had to be produced by hand, a long and strikingly arduous rule that involved bewitching copious electrical measurements separated by identical little distance. Each of these measurements then had to be recorded by hand, eventually sound a graph. This technique was numero uno slightly automated by the French wield Jules Francois Joubert, active the aboriginal block of a modern oscilloscope. He assembled a special precise machine that consisted of a galvanometer ( a fairly turkey shoot tool used to measure electric current ) with a probe, or contact point, that could be moved by a technician. Unfortunately, this still necessitated the record of data by hand.

From here it was a child's play jump to attaching the income of the galvanometer to a pen that moved across a drum of paper, drawing the measured waveform. At this point in the process the type of accuracy and precision seen by modern oscilloscopes was a long way off - the mechanical parts used in the early paper - drawn galvanometers were too slow to actually keep up with a changing electrical charge, and so the waveform had to be assembled piecemeal.

The next major step was the invention of cathode ray tubes, the precursor to digital display. By using a source of electrons and an electron - sensitive screen, cathode ray tubes could assemble and display a picture nearly instantaneously. By eliminating the need for slow moving mechanical parts, waveforms could be measured and displayed almost as quickly as the electrical charge itself changed.

This led, in 1946, to the invention of what can truly be called the first oscilloscope as we know them. The addition of the ability to easily change and moderate the time period over which voltages were collected allowed for the display of any part of a wave, including a level of detail heretofore unseen.

Of course, oscilloscopes have come a long way in the past 60 years, and modern machines have a number of incredible features, including the ability to carefully dictate when horizontal sweeping triggers occur, and the ability to very carefully fine - tune the number of horizontal sweeps that occur each second ( easily in excess of 500, 000! ). These digital scopes also allow for the capture and storage of images or data right on the machine, making comparisons between two different waveforms possible and easy. Furthermore, by isolating specific parts of a waveform, circuitry components can be debugged and easily repaired. As the technology behind digital displays becomes more advanced and the displays themselves become cheaper to produce, oscilloscopes are quickly becoming a feature that no laboratory in the country is without, from introductory physics classes to any advanced electrical engineering laboratory to anyone that needs to test other electrical equipment.

The History of Polo

The History of Polo

The following article provides an in depth look at The History of Polo. In - turn this article will lift one seize the history before enjoying watching a polo match from the sidelines of a acknowledged polo field.

Widely regarded as the oldest party sport in recorded history, the origins of the game of polo are abstruse and uncertain. Fortunately, the Persians comfortless us a compelling amount of art and literature that have provided us with the early accounts of polo in rich detail, tape that polo appears to have originated in the Iranian Empire, with the fundamental recorded polo match having occurred approximately six hundred age B. C.

Polo then appears to have rapidly been taken up consequent by Chinese royalty. Polo sticks were equivalent expanded to the Chinese royal coats of arms and the game became part of the authority life in the golden age of China under the Emperor Ming - Hung. The expression often used today in reference to polo as being " the game of kings " actually originates in another area of Asia, just North of Kashmir, from an inscription found on a stone tablet, next to a polo ground in Giglit, near the silk route from China to the West which read, " Let other people play other things / The king of game is still the game of kings ".

As Alexander the Great and various other conquerors from different nations swept across Asia, they brought with them the game of polo. It was highly embraced in India especially. In 1869, a British government official who had been stationed in Manipur, India, wrote an article of his experience in India with the fascinating sport of polo and sent it to London ' s " The Field Magazine ". From this point forward it was rapidly adopted in England, becoming quite popular and taken very seriously. An official governing body was quickly founded for the game of polo called " The Hurlingham Polo Association " in the year 1874. It drew up the first set of formal British rules for polo matches, most of which are still in existence to this very day. Just two years later it was introduced to the United States in 1876 by British Army officers to a group of privileged, sporting gentleman from Westchester, New York, who had summer homes in Newport, Rhode Island. They then got together and formed the first polo club in the United States in Newport, and named it " The Westchester Polo Club ". From that point on, polo spread South along the East Coast down to todays famous Wellington, Florida and even further to South America and other regions of the world, continuing its steady growth in popularity to this day.

While the sport of polo is now active in over 77 countries, it is only played professionally by just a few, such as the United States, The United Kingdom, Argentina, Spain, Italy, France, India and Pakistan. The United States is unique in the world of polo in that they have an official women ' s professional polo league as well. Arguably one of the most complex, regal and dangerous sports in the world, it is sure to last through the tests of time as it has for at least several thousands of years already, through war, famine and fallen empire.

The History Of Outsourcing

The history of outsourcing goes a long a way back. Modern outsourcing instant with manufacturing outsourcing which in the gone involved husky company names analogous as Coca - Cola. It outsourced supply cuffs then that they may be able to have more time to focal point on the marketing attribute of the business. From this snap inception, outsourcing has gone a long way since then.

The Roots of Outsourcing

It has been spoken that outsourcing under consideration acutely since people began direct and selling items relating as tools, food, and household items. As society and communities grew, people began to do specialized works and traded with other people goods for services and vice versa. Looking at it, it can be said that people a thousand years ago were already practicing a form of outsourcing.

When the industrial age came between the years 1800s to 1900s, companies were vertically integrated and did not practice outsourcing. Each company took care of everything from production to manufacturing to deliveries. Companies in these era handled their own payrolls, taxes, and hired their own lawyers. Everything was an internal affair. This kind of setup however does not encompass all organizations at that time but this was the trend at that time.

As time passed by, specialization contracting gained popularity especially in the field of service industry. This was the beginning of the modern outsourcing practice. During the industrial revolution, services such as insurance, engineering and architecture have begun to be outsourced to 3rd part organizations although the client company and the specialized organization usually just belong to the same area or country.

The Beginnings Of Offshore Outsourcing

Onshore outsourcing was growing to be more and more productive for businesses. It all started out with outsourcing low - valued items such as apparels and toys and transcended to outsourcing items with higher values such as appliances and other electronic gadgets. In the history of outsourcing, it was manufacturing that first left the main land to offshore destinations. This move by businesses was for the chance to save on costs.

At first, offshore outsourcing garnered a few apprehensions from business proprietors. But with the improvement of logistics, offshore outsourcing gained popularity. With the development in education and skills of lower wage countries, the value of offshore outsourcing became higher. In fact, during the 1970s, computer related manufacturing was also outsourced offshore. The process of outsourcing just grew and has never stopped since.

Outsourcing Today - Today, outsourcing different functions has never been easier with the help of the information technology. Data can easily be sent and received through the information superhighway. It is not uncommon to see in your daily items such as in the R & D of your prescription drugs that they are outsourced to companies in other countries.

Top Outsourcing Countries Today - Top outsourcing countries today includes Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

Global Outsourcing Market Today - Acccording to McKinsey, the global " addressable " Business Procurement Outsourcing or BPO market is worth US$122 - US$154 billion, of which: 35 - 40 retail banking, 25 - 35 insurance, 10 - 12 travel / hospitality, 10 - 12 auto, 8 - 10 telecoms, 8 pharma, 10 - 15 others and 20 - 25 is finance, accounting and HR.

The History Of Popcorn Poppers

Popcorn has been recognized for at antecedent 5, 000 dotage. South American Indians ate it, made mild with it, and created a providence to worship for its spun out blessings upon them. It was a staple of the Native Americans ' support, as flourishing as an ornament for the distinguished lady ' s hair. American colonists made variety from popcorn, and no Victorian Christmas tree was really decorated at sea strands and strands of popcorn adorning it. Baseball games, division fairs and circuses couldn ' t function misplaced the sales of the hot, fluffy kernels. During World War II, sugar rationing caused popcorn to become the nation ' s substitute for syrupy treats, causing it to be tuckered out at three times the proportion it had been before the War began. And a trip to the movies wouldn ' t be unabbreviated strayed a tub of popcorn ' s buttery goodness to fasten the film. Popcorn has become homologous a part of our cultural history that school children have Popcorn Day to celebrate its long and esteemed history. Still, history tends to heart on the ones making and eating popcorn ( or decorating their hair or Christmas trees with it ) than on the technology that brought about the change from dried kernel of grain to fluffy, fantastic treat.

The aboriginal popcorn makers were igneous rocks, heated at the oxidation ' s edge till they glowed. The popcorn would be thrown on top of these stones and then fly extirpate as it popped. The people would have to amble and whack to take it. If you were champion, your reward was getting to eat the kernels you fascinated.

The Mohica ' s, a Pre - Incan society on the north coast of Peru, used primitive clay pots, shallow with inconsequential top openings and a single handle, to undertaking their corn. These pots were highly decorated with motifs, and were sometimes sculpted into the shape of an repugnant, according to as a cat. The cook would add heated sand and then the kernels would be placed on top. In this way, the hot sand would cause the kernels to pop, but you didn ' t have to run around trying to catch them as they burst. Around 300, the Zapotecs of Mexico were decorating their clay popcorn pots with figures of a god wearing popcorn in his hair and around his neck. Popcorn had gone heavenly.

By the time of the Spanish conquistadors, nearly 700 different kinds of popcorn were being grown and popped from the coasts of South America to the Great Lakes and Canada. Most Natives used some sort of small clay pot, but one South American tribe preferred large shallow pots, some as much as 8 feet across, to the small, family size. Talk about a popcorn party!

The English colonists at Plymouth Plantation were treated to popcorn by the Wampanoag at the " first Thanksgiving. " They may have been the first to throw some kernels of popcorn into a heated iron pot and then quickly throw the lid on to stop it from popping out. We may never really know, but what we do know is that by the time of the American Revolution, this was the accepted way for popcorn to be popped in the " civilized " world. Someone, somewhere, discovered that adding a little oil or fat to the pot kept the popcorn from scorching so much. This made it ideal for the colonists ' favorite recipe, fluffy white popcorn with sugar and milk for breakfast.

The first mention of popcorn in a cookbook in 1846, speaks of popping the corn in a kettle or a " basket. " The basket being referred to was probably one of the crudely made affairs that blacksmiths and tinkers were manufacturing by the scores. These were tightly spaced wire or metal mesh, with a long handle that could be held over the fire from a distance, so as not to scorch the popper ' s clothing or burn their fingers. Throughout much of the 1800 ' s, the long - handled basket evolved into a long handled pan or box, made of tin or copper. This is how the Victorians popped the mounds and mounds of popcorn needed for their holiday festooning.

In 1890 ' s peanut vendors began experimenting with large - scale commercial poppers. The first were unreliable steam - driven affairs that were little more than large versions of the home popper - a large tin or copper pan with a lid held over the steam. The temperature and amount of the steam spelled success or failure, and new and improved ways were sought.

In 1893, at the World ' s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Charles Cretors unveiled his steam driven combination peanut roaster and popcorn machine. His machine kept the steam temperature consistent and was capable of roasting 20 pounds of peanuts while it popped the corn. Street vendors soon took notice and popcorn became a popular treat available all across the country. By 1900, Cretors was selling popcorn wagons - large horse drawn affairs that popped and stored the corn, roasted the peanuts and brought their owner / operators a profit of 70 cents on the dollar. Popcorn had become big money to the little guy.

Electric popcorn machines came into being between 1910 and 1920. Electricity was quieter, cleaner and made for a lighter machine. ( Some of the steam carts weighed as much as 500 pounds! ) With the advent of the moving picture show in 1917, many a popcorn and peanut vendor could be found on the sidewalks in front of the cinema, hawking their wares to the crowds going in. It wasn ' t long before movie house owners realized the money to be made by having their own popcorn machines inside the cinemas. By the 1930 ' s a machine 2 / 3 the size of the street vendor ' s cart and able to store the popped corn as well as just make it was a staple on every movie house concession stand counter.

In 1941, World War II regulations ended the production of popcorn machines for the " duration. " The manufacturers retooled and turned to making airplane parts and other " essential to the war effort " products. Materiel shortages at war ' s end saw popcorn machines with all - wood cabinetry, harking back to the days of the wooden street vendor. After the war, popcorn saw a decline in its popularity, as television took over as the major form of entertainment for much of the population. Movie house popcorn makers weren ' t in much demand, and many manufacturers did little in the way of innovation or redesign. Cretors called in the designer of the Studebaker automobile to give their new line of popcorn machines a more streamlined, space - age look. Production switched from smaller models better suited to lunch counters and small cinemas, to larger, mass - popping models for drive - in theaters, stadium concessions stands and the growing - in - popularity multiplex movie houses.

The 60 ' s and 70 ' s saw popcorn machines enter homes and dorm rooms, with the advent of the hot air popper. This new technology allowed smaller and smaller appliances to be made. Popcorn had come home!

Recently, popcorn machines have once again embraced the newest in technology - computerization. You can now buy a popcorn popper that automatically measures and dispenses the butter and other seasoning to your specifications. Movie theaters and other commercial venues can purchase machines that allow for the making of caramel corn, cheese corn and other popcorn treats.

Popcorn may just be the oldest snack in history. Popcorn makers have come a long way from heated rocks by the fireside. Over the centuries, they have evolved and adapted to the newest and best technology had to offer. It ' s certain that the future of popcorn is assured, and so is the future of newer and better popcorn machines.