History Of The Quilling

Paper Quilling is an art model believed to have evolved over many centuries. Once proclaimed as ' paper lace ', the term ' quilling ' was derived from the indulge quill used to roll out paltry pieces of paper. Quilling is extremely beneath in world history, popularly believed to have come into being in China, adjacent the message of papermaking. Members of spiritual communities were the first inventors and users of the quilling suit. Gradually, this enjoyable art structure spread to other countries and eventually became an important part of the banal persons ' life.

Quillings ' main concept involves the use of a hatpin, rolling fingers, or quilling tools to roll paper into belonging shapes. Confused shapes are rolled individually and so connected to one another to construct a final shape or invent. Finishing touches are so made to add to the adorableness of the piece and to secure it in place. These finishing touches might include using acid free matte board or shadow box framing.

Now that you ' re aware of the origin and some aspects of quilling, let ' s explore some details of quilling history.

Research has established that a form of quilling metals was performed as early as the mid - 4th and 5th centuries. Gold and silver wires were applied to pillars, vases and other objects and jewelry was also fashioned using this technique. By the 13th century this form of metal quilling had become well - known and was practiced world wide.

The conversion from metal to paper use probably occurred as materials became scarce, or were unavailable to the lay person wanting to create pieces. Metal quilling was commonly referred to as metal filigree, and as the technique incorporated the use of paper, was commonly referred to as paper filigree. Early use of paper filigree was primarily confined to religious groups promoting their beliefs and embellishing sacred messages. The shift to the common folk practicing this art brought the term ' quilling ' into regular use. Paper quilling implemented many techniques similar to jewelry styles, utilizing strips of paper, free rolls and edging. In the 17th and 18th centuries, quilling art expanded to tea caddies, coat of arms designs and photo frames.

There are few facts, but many stories, attributed to the origins of quilling. Some say it was developed in ancient times, not long after making paper was discovered. Others claim paper quilling was born in the 13th century when nuns were unable to purchase metal filigree due to its ' high cost. Still others believe that quilling began in the Americas. And yet, further evidence points to quilling being used in the Mediterranean region. With so many conflicting claims, no one can say for certain where quilling originated, but clearly it carries a truly international history.

Books of the Victorian Age and quilled pieces of that time indicate that proper young women practiced quilling to decorate furniture or purses and to create jewelry. Similar to the artwork of handicrafts, it has found difficultly surviving in present day times and its ' popularity has decreased. However, perhaps one day, it will regain its ' lost glory as an ancient art, practiced for centuries, since the technique can be used throughout the world for nearly limitless purposes.

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HISTORY OF CYBERCRIME

HISTORY OF CYBERCRIME

1. 0. INTRODUCTION:

On daily basis we scrutinize on the pages of calendar and on the internet cases of cybercrime in which module one can be a basket case. But what indubitably is it? The incomplex answer is, - it is complicated -. It is complicated since there is no end to types of cybercrimes and there are records of new plot of carrying out the crime. Like median crime, cybercrime can take many shapes and can happen midpoint anytime or anyplace. Criminals committing cybercrime use a digit of methods, depending on their skill - set and their ambition. This should not be surprising: cybercrime is, nearest all, tidily - crime ' with some sort of computer or cyber knowledge.

1. 1. WHAT IS CYBERCRIME?

The consultation - cybercrime - does not come in most dictionaries, ( including Microsoft ' s online Encarta Dictionary ), but that does not mean that the phenomenon does not be present. It is primarily due to the relative newness of this phenomenon that it is difficult to ornament the earliest incidences of computer crime. As experiences and technology have developed, so also have the definitions of computer crimes or cybercrimes. Historically, in the search for a bearing, one argued that since computer crimes may sway all categories of crimes, a sense must mark the opposition, the knowledge or the use of computer technology. In the first comprehensive presentation of computer crime, Computer Crime: Criminal Penalty Resource Guide ( 1979 ), the drift of computer - related crime was specific in the broader drift as: - parcel illegitimate act for which knowledge of computer technology is essential for a successful prosecution -. In a study on the international legal aspects of computer crime in 1983, computer crime was then proper as: - encompasses share illicit act for which knowledge of computer technology is essential for its perpetration -. The Equipment for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) Recommendations of 1986 included a working heart as a basis for the study: - Computer - related crime is considered as parcel unlawful, unethical or unauthorized road like to the automatic processing and the transmission of data. - The Council of Europe Endorsement of 1989 adopted a functional approach and computer - related crime was aptly described as the offences enumerated and express in the proposed guidelines or advising for national legislators. The Council of Europe Urging of 1995 on Criminal Procedural Law has a drift of offences connected with Information Technology ( IT offences ) as follows: - encompassing segment criminal offence, in the investigation of which investigating authorities must obtain access to information being refined or transmitted in computer systems, or electronic data processing systems. - The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime of 2001 defines cybercrime in the Articles 2 - 10 on substantive criminal law in four different categories: ( 1 ) offences against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems; ( 2 ) computer - related offences; ( 3 ) content - related offences; ( 4 ) offences related to infringements of copyright and related rights. It is a minimum consensus list not excluding extensions in domestic law. In the proposal for a European Union Council Framework Decision on Attacks Against Information Systems of 19 April 2002, the Commission also includes a functional definition: - computer - related crime should be understood as including attacks against information systems as defined in this Framework Decision -. Content - related offences, such as copyright infringements, racism, xenophobia and child pornography may, by many observers, normally not be understood to be cybercrimes. Copyright infringements are based upon civil agreements and contracts and are not traditionally criminal offences in many countries. Copyright infringements will very often be enforced through civil remedies due to many complicated issues. Child pornography has always been a criminal offence in the paper - based version. At the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, in a workshop devoted to the issues of crimes related to computer networks, cybercrime was broken into two categories and defined as: A. Cybercrime in a narrow sense ( computer crime ): Any illegal behaviour directed by means of electronic operations that targets the security of computer systems and the data processed by them. B. Cybercrime in a broader sense ( computer - related crime ): Any illegal behaviour committed by means of, or in relation to, a computer system or network, including such crimes as illegal possession [and] offering or distributing information by means of a computer system or network.

As detractors have rightly pointed out, there is no universally recognised or accepted definition of computer crime. Broadly speaking, however, if an illegal action is committed by the utilisation of information communication technology ( ICT ), the act is deemed to fall into the category of cybercrime.

1. 2. HISTORY OF CYBERCRIME:

Cybercrime has had a short but highly eventful history. Apart from being an interesting study by itself, observing the history of cybercrime would also give the individual and society at large the opportunity to avoid the mistakes made in the past so that appropriate action can also be taken in the future. When did this new and insidious variety of crime actually come into being? One may say that the concept of the computer came with the invention of the first abacus, hence it can be said that - cybercrime - per se has been around ever since people used calculating machines for wrong purposes. However, cybercrime has shown itself as a serious threat to society for less than a decade. Before we plunge into the world of cybercrime, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of how the Internet evolved. The Internet essentially is a giant network that is composed of thousands of smaller networks. It consists of all the computers, telephone lines, and other communications devices that hold the smaller networks together. It is an infrastructure that supports the transmission of electronic data. The development of the Internet didn ' t happen overnight. It began in the Cold War days of the Eisenhower Administration. The Eisenhower Administration, like the rest of the United States during the 1950s, was preoccupied with the Soviet Union. So in October 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the U. S. government responded. The response came with the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) in 1958. America had just lost the race to space, and ARPA was to ensure that the United States did not lose any more important races to the Russians. After an intense recruiting period, the agency soon had many of the finest minds in the country working to develop new technologies and studying how to use existing technologies for military purposes. A nuclear attack from the Soviet Union was a real threat in the late 1950s, and ARPA was perceived as a major weapon in the fight to prevent ( and if it couldn ' t prevent, then win ) World War III. The idea of developing an interconnected computer network came about gradually at ARPA. It was not until a scientist from Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) became the first director of ARPA ' s Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) in 1962 that it really began to be considered. J. C. R. Licklider was interested in the relationship between computers and humans. After contemplating this relationship for several years, he proposed the idea of an intergalactic network, on which scientists could share their research and collaborate on projects. The idea was immediately popular at ARPA, but Licklider ' s fellow researchers had more important projects to attend to ( specifically, preparing for a nuclear war ) and Licklider himself did not have the technical expertise to create such a network. So the intergalactic network remained an unfulfilled dream. Robert Taylor, the third director of the IPTO, breathed new life into the idea of networking multiple computer systems. As the story goes, Taylor was frustrated with the computer systems at ARPA. Those systems throughout the country were tied into the Pentagon through connections and had separate control monitors. While using these control monitors one day, Taylor decided he could devise a networked computer system that was much more efficient. He scribbled his plans for such a network on a piece of paper. Unlike Licklider, Taylor possessed the technical expertise to design a network and approached his boss. Twenty minutes later, he had received official approval. Surprised by his success, Taylor immediately went looking for someone to help him build the network. Larry Roberts was that someone. Roberts, a computer scientist who had been working on long - distance computer networking at MIT, came to ARPA in 1967. His experience with long - distance computer networking was a valuable asset, and by January 1969, he had devised the prototype system that would be used to develop the ARPA network. After working through a few technical glitches, Roberts saw the first ARPANet connection come together in October 1969. The fledgling ARPANet was like an untamed wilderness. Several universities and government facilities signed on, and before long, scientists and scholars from all over the country were performing various experiments to determine what the network could do. One of the biggest discoveries during the early days of the ARPANet occurred when Ray Tomlinson, an engineer with BBN ( Bolt Beranek and Newman ), became the first person to send electronic mail ( E - mail ) over the ARPANet. Tomlinson also was the first person to use the @ ( at ) symbol to delimit the end - user and the domain name in an E - mail address. But not every discovery was a pleasant one. One of the first major problems discovered by ARPANet developers occurred in 1973, following the network ' s first international connection. The ARPANet had picked up much more traffic than its planners had ever expected it to have, and the growing ARPANet was straining the limits of the Network Control Protocol ( NCP ), which was the standard used to govern the transmission of data over the ARPANet. Initially, no one was sure how to solve the problem. Then Vinton Cerf, a graduate student at University of California, Los Angeles ( UCLA ), and Bob Kahn, a member of the BBN team, collaborated in 1974 to develop the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol ( TCP / IP ), a set of protocols that could handle much heavier ARPANet traffic. Not only did TCP / IP save the ARPANet from a serious crash, but the acceptance of TCP / IP as the default transmission standard could be signalled as the beginning of the Internet as we know it today. Most current definitions of the Internet include a clause that states it must be governed by TCP / IP. With this new transmission protocol, the Internet continued to grow. By 1990, it consisted of more than 100, 000 hosts and had consumed the ARPANet. Back to the history of cybercrime, the first recorded case that looks like cybercrime took place in the year 1820. That is not surprising considering the fact that the abacus, which is thought to be the earliest form of a computer, has been around since 3500 B. C. in India, Japan and China. The era of modern computers, however, began with the Analytical Engine of Charles Babbage. In 1820, Joseph - Marie Jacquard, a textile manufacturer in France, invented the loom. This device ( loom ) allowed the repetition of a series of steps in the weaving of special fabrics. This resulted in a fear amongst Jacquard ' s employees that their traditional employment and livelihood were being threatened. They committed acts of sabotage to discourage Jacquard from further use of the new technology. This is the first recorded cybercrime.

History of Greece 11th Century AD to Right Before World War 1

Most people present know a little bit of Greece. Matching as Athens and its incredible contributions to art philosophy architecture and democracy. As well as Sparta which bred and trained each one of its nationality to become the greatest warriors the ancient world had violently practical. But what about hard by that. What happened meeting Alexander the great and the mighty roman empire? That ' s what this article talks about.

Greece before the eleventh century was the core piece of the Byzantine empire. But this began to change in the 13th century when Constantinople was captured in the 4th investigation by the invading Latins. Though the Byzantines are able to eventually take back their city the area remains a battleground. Especially with the prosperity of the Ottoman Turks.

The Ottoman Turks begin to advance into the Balkans and Greece is rapidly coming into the sights. However reprieve comes when the ottomans are attacked by the Mongols to the east. When the Ottoman empire once again begin to move into the Balkans and Greece falls under their reign and it is the Hungarians who step up to hold them back.

The Greeks were able to claim their independence in 1821. Before this there were dozens of schemes especially from wealthy families trying to take steal Greece from oppression. A group of Greeks in the Russian port of Odessa on the coast of the Dead Sea however work on a grander scale as they march south with as an army with Russian support. In march 25 of 1821 inspired by this army led by Alexandros Ypsilantis Greece rises as one despite the fact that the expedition failed. The ottomans respond quickly but are baffled by the guerrilla tactics of the Greeks.

The Greek revolutionists are not only outnumbered but also to make matters worse fight amongst themselves. The revolution looks most bleakest when a large army from Egypt comes to help the Ottomans. However even this army and navy are unable to completely stop the Revolution.

England is very impressed by Greece and the foreign minister of Britain is very impressed by Greece. So England with the help of Russia and France bring together a large navy to help Greece. Originally the purpose of the fleet was merely to scare the ottomans however instead they engage the ottoman fleet and win a large victory sinking 60 ships and killing 8000 enemy troops with little losses. This is the turning point for the Greeks.

Though the war lasts 5 more years Greece does become a nation of itself and its first king is a seventeen year old boy Otto of Bavaria. Though for the most part Otho ' s ( can be spelled Otto Otho or Othon but usually Otho in English ) reign is a good one. But the beginning and end are not so good. Though he accepted a constitution he continuously tries to bring Greece back to an Autocracy and he is eventually disposed of.

The next king is a Danish prince and he is crowned George I. George ' s first priority is bringing all that was once Greece back under Greek control. In a way he continues the Greek war for independence. He is able to take several of the Greek islands as including Crete as well as Macedonia to the north. He does this through a mixture of war and politics.

History of Jewelry in Indonesia Related With Indonesian Culture

During the past in Indonesia, jewelry has been not tidily applied as accessories to decorate the body to look groovy and attractive look but also function to be a beautify to the fact. The use as a way to ceremonies may well be create in the unique Javanese inscriptions, among others, described that the whole accident sima ( hangout fief ) there is a series of gifts ( Pasek - Pasek ) to officials matching as textile ( wdihan ), rings, and gold and silver money. Book Sumanasantaka ( around the 12th century ) mentions the prize had been ( irons, necklaces, rings ) is reserved for tribe who fully comprehend the skill level in the arts of music, dance, and Satra.

Type of jewelry in Indonesia, from classic interval mainly in the system of a crown, pinprick, ear stuff, necklace, region chest, arm handcuffs, manacles, rings, and jempang ( cover piece sex. ) This type of jewelry that was contained on stone and bronze statue not entirely of metal, corresponding as the hip band and belts made with leather - based or thick cloth however has gold buckle that is sometimes decorated with priceless stones. Also, there uncal decoration, which is sort of helping little region that hung in front of the thighs, from hip zone unsettled down, decorated with tassels on the edges of the metal. At the time of Majapahit sculptures ornaments uncal length to bottom the foot, nearly to the ankles, while in sculpture from the Central Java and East Java earlier, reaches to the knee or slightly below the knee.

In Trowulan INDONESIA found gold jewelry, but few have introduced the hands of the government. Since 1950 until the 1960 ' s most wild searching gold diggers in this area who then secretly sold them. Now this activity does not exist anymore, but alternated with damaging activities as well, which is digging the soil to be used as brick - making material. In 1991 brick artisan in the village of Nglinguk, get 9 pieces of gold jewelry ( 2 bracelets, two chain necklaces that include a pendant - one of them - and each 1 piece of tube and cover, container and chain fragments. Most of this revelation includes a high quality. Before that, in 1976, never found kowi ( melting metal container ) are smaller ( diameter 5 cm ). All these findings remind us of the activities of gold producers in the past, a place which is now immortalized as the names of a village, Village Package, on the west Seagram.

In a of the historical record jewelry Indonesia, publicized in 1881 stated that the Hamlet Bedok, Soko, found ten pieces of gold items in bronze tube being made of earrings, bracelet sleeves, fragments of pendants, and headdresses sword. These sighting present a collection of National Museum of Jakarta - Indonesia.

Among the jewelry, there is one type of beautify " giant head " with an open mouth in which there s a green gemstone. Some gold object, shaped round with openwork relief on both surfaces, some sources known as an ear ornament. Although this reason is questionable, that one of the front surfaces can be eliminated, in order that can function as a cover. Perhaps it is a sealed container to place the fragrance. Relief on one surface and sangkha portray winged spiral pattern in the middle. Patterned surfaces any other lotus petals. Sangkha winged may seem a popular decorative motif from the Central Java and isn ' t always associated with the god Vishnu, though sangkha is one attribute of the god Vishnu.

There is possibly a relief object is not empty, in all probability hung as decoration chest normally installed or on the hair. National Museum of Jakarta - Indonesia store two - berelief decoration is a very interesting and entertaining is the collection No. 6816 and then 6914. No collection. 6816 has a relief depicting the god Surya mount a horse, surrounded by a circle that emit light in a triangular pointed tip. Shining circle motif is usually called a " ray of Majapahit ", and also commonly found on statues and temple relief ' s century 14 - 15. No collection. 6914 is also a similar decoration, has a relief depicting a scene in the Ramayana story. Decipher it depicts 2 monkeys to walk on water using a rock lord on top of his head.

Coming from Mojoagung - Indonesia, west Trowulan got 2 pieces of wire or rope necklace shaped plain. A full round - shaped necklace as well as the other flat. This necklace worn tight across the neck. While plain, without ornament of any kind, shape necklace from the 14th century it could be assumed as a result of post - modern art.

Another necklace, also did not form chains, but the form of a wire spiral so - called necklace untiran ( Java: untir = gyre ). This necklace is also used tight on the neck and in the middle, there are pegs that opened.

Technical Preparation The technique is generally used for the manufacture of gold objects were casting ( pouring molten metal ) and forging ( forging a thin sheet with a hammer / wood ). After the new improvements with polishes and so forth. One variation of the placement is repousse, which put gold leaf on a rock or other metals that have been patterned, and then pounded to form a convex relief on the sheet. Some of these gold objects are objects that hollow, made of thin gold sheet. To strengthen the gold sheet was on the inside reinforced with bronze ( in the invisible part ) and hole. Between gold and bronze filled with fine clay that is not burned.

Find another article from me about men rings, Eternity Rings, and Solitaire Rings.

History of Buffets, Infusions Restaurant and The Okanagan College Culinary Arts Buffets

It was the 18th century, and in France the modern day slap was developed which now spread across Europe. Wicked a meal to oneself has a long and interesting history, but the prime term wallop referred to the sideboard where all the many types of food was served, although, eventually this style of eating was converted to modern day buffets.

The second half of the 19th century, especially in the English vocabulary world, buffets became extremely popular for meals. Lunch, or an trivial clambake which was originally a very resplendent meal that was irked between breakfast and festivity, and repeatedly replacing dinners. Buffets came in two styles of a meal, and under consideration at the fashionable hour of " One O ' Clock ". The " punch " kegger, and at which time the dining guests would stand while they eat their meal, or the binge served at poor tables where the dining guests would be seated.

All contact food must be eaten with a fork or a dipper, and the dagger was strictly forbidden at these " crash " lunches. The essentials of a - buffet - luncheon are covered by these following dishes. All types of beverages including coffee, tea, punch or chocolate which was poured from urns, or brought from a pantry on trays in filled cups. Hot entres of various types which was served on a platter or from a chafing dish, and preceded by hot bouillon. Cold entres such as salads, lobster, salmon, shrimp, crab, potatoes, chicken, and served with heavy dressings. Hot rolls, and sandwiches that were wafer - cut in size such as tomato and lettuce, ham, and many others. Plus desserts such as small cakes and pastries.

Buffets are very popular with people today, because, it offers plenty of food variety at a reasonable price. People with large appetites can feed themselves without waiting for their food to be served. Especially families with children, this is often a very important point when dining out. Buffets are definitely a nice dining alternative to conventional restaurants, because people can get the foods they want in the quantities they like. People can create their own dishes with more meat, less vegetables and fewer side dishes, plus creating salads with appealing ingredients that they enjoy. Buffets offer people the opportunity to try new types of food that they would not order off a menu in a restaurant.

Infusions Restaurant at the Okanagan College hosts several buffets every year, and the last " buffet " was held a week after their Okanagan Wine Festival Gourmet Dinner which attracted a sellout crowd of over 80 dining guests. Guests were treated to a " Five Course " gourmet dinner with special Okanagan Valley wines to accompany each course.

The Okanagan College Culinary Arts Buffet was prepared with the special talents of the new, up and coming future chefs of your favorite restaurants, cruise ships, hotels, ski and golf resorts, all directed and instructed by World Class Chefs. The buffet included fresh meats, poultry, seafood of all types, and of course Okanagan Valley fresh vegetables and fruits.

Infusions and the Okanagan College Culinary Arts Bakery had a spectacular dessert buffet for this special night with freshly made gourmet desserts, and with a delicious assortment of as many freshly made Pastries, Cakes, and Chocolate Confections as a person could possibly eat after the meal.

The Culinary Arts buffet offered a HUGH selection of seafood and seafood platters that were served at the buffet from Sushi Rolls, Dim Sum, Salmon, Coulibiac of Halibut to Shark and Lobster. Dishes containing Gratin of Potatoes & Yams, many types of Pasta with Grilled and Glazed Vegetables, and of course the Roast Beef and Beef Tenderloin, and ALL for $15. 00!

For tourists, visitors or people in the Kelowna area and the Okanagan Valley who missed this " Spectacular Feast ", there will be another buffet held in early December at Okanagan College ' s Infusions Restaurant.

Infusions Restaurant is run by future culinary chefs in the Culinary Arts program at Okanagan College with instruction from World Class Chefs, and the restaurant offers their dining guests a chance to experience fine gourmet dining at very reasonable prices. James Murray is a successful writer and online Search Engine Optimization ( SEO ) and Search Engine Marketing ( SEM ) expert providing valuable tips and advice for those interested in seo and sem strategies. His numerous articles found on the Internet, provide useful and factual seo and sem information and insight. Some of his websites are: http: / / www. seo - worldwide. net, http: / / www. atclickbank. com, http: / / www. website - submissions - worldwide. com

History of the World Series Teaching Respect and Values Through an American Tradition

Our National past time has naturally had its ups and downs throughout the years. Strikes and other issues have plagued the game as teams became disappointed in omnifarious aspects of the league, unusual teams, and the game. Equivalent with these occurrences, fans still flock to the stadiums every spring to digital watch their favorite gang " play ball " and cheer them. Why is baseball congeneric an self-respecting and renowned American sport? This sport is one of values, tradition, and respect. Baseball requires the full efforts of every crew portion. If a trouper does not pull their weight, the group is up to roughhouse. Other sports have championships and group environments but this game has one very sizeable difference. In basketball, football, and various other games, a few key players getting all the glory and carrying the team is a common sight. This does create wins, but does not instill the value of true teamwork. When this occurs in a sport, the focus is taken away from the team and redirected to specific players.

While baseball has its fair share of similar issues, it is a sport that truly promotes teamwork and respect. The games image is upheld through the players and anyone that deviates into drug use or other problems gets reprimanded for their actions. Complete respect and responsibility are taught in this game. Players learn to respect each other, work hard, and function as a unit so they can make their mark in the World Series Championship. Teamwork is necessary to make it to this historical end of the season. Baseball requires every team member to perform their best in their designated position. Every position is equally important. A team that works together and respects each other goes further and is well respected by the fans. You can see this in the teams get the opportunity to play in the World Series and bask in the glory of their hard work and dedication. These same values are also the reason why this sport is often taught to children.

The history of the World Series is much more detailed than any other sport championship because it is the oldest contest in national sports. This particular challenge is an American tradition that represents the values of our country, thus obtaining the nickname of " America ' s Favorite Past Time. " Many significant events have occurred throughout the history of the World Series. The first official championship game was held in 1903 between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Boston Red Sox. At that time, only seven innings were played. A strike in the next season prevented the championship from being played. The biggest event during the rise of the World Series was the notorious fix by the White Sox through gamblers. This action swayed the results of the game and became one of the first major disgraces in baseball history. Throughout the years many events have affected the championship by postponing play or preventing it all together. Even with these shocking events, the World Series has prevailed as the oldest and most significant national championship in the history of sports.