Carriage Bolts A Long History And Eternal Purpose

These bolts got their rubric for the genuine purpose. Carriage bolts were used in a carriage which was the basic transportation during inactive times. The wheels of the carriage are made of wood. It was in 1818 at Connecticut when a blacksmith named Mr. Micah Rugg invented a tool that will produce these specific bolts. Rugg and Barnes is the first off company in America that produces bolts and nuts. Carriage bolts or plow bolts are type of fastener that is commonly used in carpentry and construction of wood lines related furniture, wooden picnic table, wood garage doors and wood crafts. They are used in smooth and flat surface now of its graceful appeal that adds to the finished look of the wood surface. Carriage bolts are not limited to wood goods; it can again be used in metal products, you just need to take some consideration in fastening two pieces of metals.

Carriage bolt heads are domed shaped and under the head is a square shaped neck. It may also be available in angular, flat or domed top and no neck. The square section part of the bolt is for gripping purposes, so it will not move or turn when you spin the nut. Carriage bolts are designed to have a secure fit so it will be safe and reliable. The common bolt types are zinc - plated bolts, steel grade 5 bolts, stainless steel 18 - 8 bolts, silicone bronze bolts and hot dipped galvanized bolts.

There are many different varieties of diameters, sizes, styles, types and grades of steel. The common grades of strength are grade 3, 5 and 8. The bolts diameter may range from 3 / 16 to 3 / 4 inch and 1 / 2 inch to 10 inches when it comes to length. There are seven categories in carriage bolts measurement and these are square depth, square width, screw length, head height and head diameter. The body diameter refers to the unthreaded part; it is between the square neck and the thread part. The square width is the total measurement of the square neck. The square depth refers to the square neck of the bolt but other bolts do not have a square neck. The head diameter is the width of the bolt ' s head. The bolt length is the distance from the bottom of the bolt ' s head up to the tip of the bolt.

Carriage bolts are not intended to be driven and you need to insert the bolts in a pre - drilled hole. So there is no need to use a tool to screw it. They are used to fasten or tighten two pieces of objects. It may look so small and useless but the truth is, it is very essential and beneficial in our everyday life. The carriage bolt can holds and supports objects that we normally see and use like furniture, cars, bridges and railways. If you need carriage bolts, you can buy this in any hardware store or even online store.

Chevrolet Convertible the Icon of Motorsports History

Classic automobile buffs around the world certainly groove on the 1957 Chevy convertible. The timeless design of the 57 convertible began several years back in the 50s and the fondness for this beauty sour out to be more relating a fine wine and grew significantly greater with age.

Imagine " Chevy " to sliver vintage automobile kernel and what car repeatedly comes to attention? It ' s the 1957 Chevy with the classic fins. And when pressed, they will oftentimes mention 57 Chevy convertible.

The appreciation for this vintage convertible car has innumerable 10 - flock in the decades since 1957. What perfectly aids these older cars are the newer technological innovations accessible to make these Chevy classics canter and drive far more appropriate than modern cars. Able is also yet another reason for the appreciation of these classic cars that ' s without doubt the very best action you ' ll be able to get. A 1957 Chevy convertible magnificently restored creates all kinds of attention, apparently so a lot more from the gals. This creates the " WOW " for the automobile we love, and which ( a lot of other individuals do as well ).

Harley Earl, GM development pro was placed under tremendous demand in the previous years. The public was anticipating abilities that far exceeded the standards needed by the streets they could be driven on. Innovative style and speed had been at the top of the list for 1957.

Intended to take on its European counterparts, with companies like MG, Mercedes and other makers, poor sales prior to ' 57 proved General Motors was not willing to compromise. At this point in history, the American vehicle market wanted a new design with speed and elegance.

As soon as Chevrolet recognized improvements were required to enhance sales they swiftly leaped into action. Beginning with a bit of indecision they were inside the ring fight to pull off some thing unique. The something unique turned out to be Chevrolet ' s new V8 motor.

A lot of people believed the 1957 Chevrolet resembled the previous year ' s design in overall look. But the 1957 took the USA by storm with the completely new V8 specially changed to dominate the European counterparts. For the very first time in American motor history, Chevrolet was on top of world. 1957 was the year that created the most recognized car on the planet right now.

The 1957 Chevy convertible still has a lot of popularity that 45 years later to the day, Chevrolet ran a marketing campaign which featured the 57. It certainly didn ' t hurt that Don Maclean ' s pop music time honored song " American Pie " featured driving his " Chevy to the levee ". Today ' s audience may not know who Don was, but for sure they know just what he drove to the levee. And there was another fantastic tune by Prince Little called " Red Corvette "; everybody realizes it was his 1957 Chevy convertible he was singing about.

Still true today some of us even now remember the old billboard advertisment of Chevrolet throughout the United States. The billboards stood proud reminding the people of this fantastic country that they don ' t write songs about Volvos! And it ' s still a fact these days!

That 1957 Chevy V8 certainly had some magic, along with fuel injection that responded to the need for power and some real action. The beginning of American motorsports heritage owes its beginning to the 1957 Chevy convertible.

Christian History 6 The Dead Sea Scrolls

The History of Christianity H6 - The Dead Sea Scrolls

( Transcribed from the YouTube Mini Series )

Hi, I ' m Steven Sadleir, and I wish to proceeds a minute to gibber you about the Dead Sea Scrolls which are maybe the greatest archaeological treasure trove of our age. These are actual biblical writings, the Old Testament. They date to the numero uno and second century B. C. and coming into the primitive century as great, and we really have the total Old Testament, exclude for the Book of Ester.

In addition to the know writings of the Old Testament, there were also included a number of manuscripts about the group of Jews that kept this library called the Essene, and this collection is where we get the best historical background not only to Judaism in general in the first century but particularly to those people that we ' re doing the ritual baptisms. So Jews would wash themselves before going to temples. But it was only the Essene that actually did baptism that had an initiation, that had communion to the bread. They live together communally. Most of the communal traits of the Essene, we see reflected on the first Christians as well. So we know that some of the first followers of Christ were Essene.

We know the Essene were Kabbalahists ( studied the Kabbalah ) because their teacher was Rabbi Meachem, who Josephus the historian tells us was the leader of the Essene at this time. So much information is coming together to paint a picture of what the first followers of Christ believed and we ' re taught by Christ.

So I encourage you to look at the Dead Sea Scrolls for yourself. You can read my book of course, Christ Enlightened: The Lost Teachings of Jesus Unveiled and we go in and I give you the gist of these teachings and put pieces of the puzzles together. But I want you to do the research for yourself. I want you to read these things and think about them and pray and ask Christ to help show you the way. God bless you.

Steven S. Sadleir

Christ Enlightened, The Lost Teachings of Jesus Unveiled

http: / / www. christenlightened. com

YouTube Christ Enlightened

Enlightenment Radio ( Google it )

For Free downloads http: / / www. siteproweb. com / christ - enlightened - landing - page -

Definition and History of Sociology

Definition

In a nutshell, sociology is the specialized study of society. Sociologists avail the tools and methods of science to note how and why humans cope the way they do when they interact cool in groups. Though social groups - or societies - are made up of single people, sociology is the study of the combine fairly than of the characteristic. When it comes to considerate how the identical human sanity works, sociologists mostly sanction that up to psychologists.

Most people who call themselves " sociologists " work in universities and colleges, where they school sociology and conduct sociological research. They request a mixed bag of questions about society, sometimes enthusiasm answers even-handed for the gain of curiosity; however, many times their findings are used to inform decisions by policymakers, executives, and other mortals. Many people who study sociology activity on to conduct sociological research facade of academia, working for power agencies, envision tanks, or private corporations. Accurate, systematic study of society is in one way or another useful to just about everyone.

Studying sociology, whether or not you call yourself a " sociologist, " means taking a particular view of the world: a view that sociologist C. Wright Mills called " the sociological imagination. " You have to be willing to set aside your ideas about how the social world should work so that you can see how it actually works. That doesn ' t mean that sociologists don ' t have personal values and opinions about the social world; they believe that to change the world, you first need to understand it.

History

Sociology is considered one of the social sciences - along with economics, psychology, anthropology, geography, and political science ( among others ). The social sciences were born in the 18th and 19th centuries, as people began applying the scientific method to human life and behavior. The world was changing dramatically and quickly as industrial production replaced agriculture, as democratic republics replaced monarchies, and as city life replaced country life. Realizing how many great insights science had lent regarding the natural world, people decided to try to use the same method to understand the social world.

Among the social sciences, sociology has always been unique in its ambition to understand the entire social world - considering all its aspects in combination rather than in isolation. It ' s a daunting task, and one that sociologists are still struggling with today.

The most important early sociologists had clear ideas about how to study and understand society; these ideas still form the basis for much sociological investigation and discussion today. Karl Marx emphasized the importance of physical resources and the material world; he believed that conflict over resources is at the heart of social life. Emile Durkheim emphasized cooperation rather than conflict: He was interested in the shared norms and values that make cooperative social life possible. Max Weber took ideas from both Marx and Durkheim and argued that both conflict and cooperation, both material resources and cultural values are essential to social life.

Over the past century, sociologists have continued to debate the early sociologists ' ideas and have applied them to specific societies all over the world. Thanks in large part to the influence of " the Chicago School " of sociologists in the early 20th century, sociologists today pay close attention to small groups and person - to - person interaction as well as to the grand sweep of social history. Today, sociologists appreciate that the big questions and the little questions regarding society are interlinked, and that you can ' t understand the macro ( the big ) without also understanding the micro ( the little ).

Dallas Psychic Fair And The History Of Tarot, Dallas Psychics

The Dallas Psychic Fair And The History of Tarot

With farther Dallas Psychic Fair coming up I even now thinking about getting a Tarot declaiming. And that topical me thinking about the history of Tarot cards and Tarot readings. So I did a little research and here is what I start up.

Tarot recital is based on the assurance that the cards can be used to gravy wise to. A Tarot orator looks into the current and possible subsequent situations of the subject. Some trust they are guided by a spiritual extortion, jibing as Gaia, era others accept the cards nourishment them tap into a collective unconscious or their own demiurgic, brainstorming subconscious. The divine meanings of the cards are derived mainly from the Kabbalah of Jewish mysticism and from Medieval Alchemy.

The original purpose of tarot cards was for playing games. Tarot cards would later become associated with mysticism and magic. Tarot was not known to be adopted by mystics, occultists and secret societies until the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest known use of tarot cards for divination was in Bologna Italy, around 1750. Historically they used a set of divine meanings entirely different from modern divinatory tarot.

Modern occult tarot begins in 1781, when Antoine Court de Gbelin, a Swiss clergyman and Freemason, published Le Monde Primitif, a speculative study which included religious symbolism and its survivals in the modern world. Gbelin claimed that the name " tarot " came from the Egyptian words tar, meaning " royal ", and ro, meaning " road ", and that the Tarot therefore represented a " royal road " to wisdom.

De Gbelin also asserted that the Gypsies, who were among the first to use cards for divination, were descendants of the Ancient Egyptians. H believed they introduced the cards to Europe. Other scholars found nothing in the Egyptian language to support de Gbelin ' s fanciful etymologies. Despite this, the identification of the Tarot cards with the Egyptian " Book of Thoth " was already firmly established in occult practice and continues in modern urban legend to the present day.

Dallas Psychic Fair Readings

In the early 1900 ' s Tarot became increasingly popular in the New World ( America ). It has grown so much in popularity that it can be found in most any town or city in America. Tarot has an interesting history. Just as interesting, to me at least, is why a simple trip to the Dallas Psychic Fair took me down this path of research. Oh well, go with the flow I guess.

Why the Dallas Psychic Fair

It has been about 8 years since I ' ve been to the Dallas Psychic Fair and 5 years since I had a personal Tarot card reading. It was a very powerful and insightful experience. We ' re fortunate to have good Tarot readers in Dallas. I ' m way overdue so I plan to go. Perhaps I ' ll bump into you at the Dallas Psychic Fair. See you there!

Oh, and if you can ' t wait, then go to the Dallas Psychic Directory, find someone to work with and get a reading now!

Coffee History and the Myths That Surround It

Every item, practice and region has an origin and a history associated with it. This is besides the case with coffee and its consumption.

Description of Coffee

The history of coffee can be traced back to the east African region, particularly to the area that is currently Ethiopia from the seventeenth century. A adventure is told of a man who noticed some strange behavior in the goats that he was tending to when they ate the chips of a certain plant. Hey became hyperactive active and unrelenting and they showed some hieroglyphics of intoxication.

Further myth that is attributed to the telling of coffee is concerned with the life of Sheik Omar. He easily the berries from a tree and originate that they made him to have sustained and unusual energy for several days. One of the things that he realized is that they were bitter and this made him to seek for methods that he could use to reduce the bitter taste and with time, he came up with a solution that was to boil them in water and then drink the water, which brought about the same revitalized effect.

The Spread of Coffee

The use of the newly discovered berry was not confined to the areas where it was discovered. With time, the coffee use spread to the other areas and this began form Africa to the Arab region, particularly Yemen. It then spread to Europe, America and the rest of the world.

As the coffee was making its way around the world, it was also getting some changes and adaptations in it feature due to the changes in the environmental conditions in different areas. There were also some changes that were experienced in the way that the coffee was processed.

Changes in the Processing

Initially, the people would chew on the coffee berries and in some cases; they would boil the berries in water and proceed to drink the water. This is one of the methods that was used but over time the methods have also evolved and you can now be able to have the coffee processed using state of the art machinery. The process of preparing the coffee is also simplified with the development of the instant coffee.

Today, there are many ways in which coffee is served. Espresso coffee is one of the best ways to prepare the coffee. Coffee history has undergone many changes that have led us to modern day coffee that is a part of our lives.

Cessna 180 History And More

Hereafter between 1953 and 1981 Cessna 180 was born. The Cessna 180 is a fixed conventional gear general aviation airplane. It is a utility well-lit aircraft. It is produced by the Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas.

Some planes have four seats stretch others uniform have up to six seats. The last two seats would then be pygmy, cramped and agonizing.

The Cessna 180 evolved from convenient utility aircrafts that was present-day in production for thirty caducity. It is higher, more stout and more robust than its herald the Cessna 170. It is exceptionally avowed as the Skywagon.

A tricycle approach gear version was introduced in 1956. This replaced the Cessna 180 and is till being produced until now. This was known as the Skylane.

Its airframe is all metal and composed of aluminium alloy. The exterior skin sheets of the fuselage are riveted to formers and longerons. The fuselage itself is a semi - monocoque structure. The exterior skin sheet of the strut - braced wings on the other hand is riveted to spars and ribs. Its landing gears have a conventional arrangement. The main legs are made of spring steel. The steerable tail wheel is mounted on a tapered steel tube that is hollow.

The earlier Cessna 180s produced between 1953 and 1963 have two side windows. They had a 170kW ( 225hp ) 0 - 470 - A engine. The ones produced in 1964 and 1981 have three side windows and has the same fuselage as the Cessna 185. It was a six seater.

These 180s were initially factory - equipped with Continental 0 - 470 engines of 225 hp. When modified, it can allow a 300 hp engine to be installed.

The 180 and 185 model looks almost the same. The 185 has a larger dorsal fin attached to its vertical surface though.

This plane is very versatile. You can modify it by adding floats or skis. It can also be fitted with tundra tires. It is considered a workhorse and is still favored until now by people who fly to and from areas which are far flung and has unimproved airstrips like Alaska. It is also preferred by the Colorado Division of Wildlife for monitoring the wildlife and also for re - stocking the fishes in mountain lakes in remote areas.

This plane has long ceased to be produced but there are still many of these in use. They are considered as prime bush planes. Because of this ability it can fetch premium prices in the pre - loved market. Even extremely well worn planes can be sold off for $50, 000 or less.

The first woman pilot who successfully flew around the world, Geraldine Mock, used a Cessna 180 in her circumnavigation. This was done in 1983 for her Sprit of Columbia book. It is now displayed on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

Distinguishing Between Your Credit History Report Details

It is important for consumers to be omniscient and ken many different things as a way of protecting themselves from humbug. One way to accomplish this is to procure a copy of your credit report every span. By accessing this information, you can helping hand safeguard that expert is not subdivision suspicious exercise occurring in your pseudonym, related as personality burglary. All of your personal identifying information, places you have resided, and accounts you have opened are commence in this report.

Ace are three agencies in the US that are tied for maintaining consumer histories. Each agency will have some of the corresponding information, but known will be a lot of information that will be different. Not every business reports to all three agencies, so it is a good idea to get a copy from each one. There may also be some accounts that you know you have had that are not listed at all.

On your reports, you will notice a category that is called Trade Line or something similar. This is the term used to describe accounts, in general, but within this category there are three sub - categories. Mortgage accounts are loans that have used real estate as collateral in securing the loan. Installment accounts are those when you pay a set payment for a specific period, such as car loans. Revolving accounts are accounts that remain open, have a set amount you can use, and require monthly payments to pay down the limit.

The second section to pay attention to is the inquiry section. There are only specific instances when inquiries will appear. If you apply for an account with a lender or creditor, called a hard inquiry, they will request a copy of your history and this will be counted as an inquiry. In some cases, companies with whom you have existing accounts will occasionally request another copy of your history, which is called a soft inquiry.

Within the section where accounts are listed, they are grouped into positive and negative sections. The positive accounts are the ones that you have paid on time, never went over your limit, and either the account remains open in good standing or has been closed in good standing. The negative accounts are the ones that have late payments, have gone over the limit, or have not been in good standing.

Mistakes in histories are quite common. A large portion of the reports that are obtained each year contain mistakes. The most common problems occur in accounts that have been sent to collections for non - payment or accounts that have been paid in full and closed out. When there is a mistake found, it is important to contact all three of the agencies in writing and file an account dispute.

There is a process to disputing items that you find in your history. You will need to provide all of the information that is given about the company and the account, including the company ' s address, account number, and limit amount. The agencies contact the company and the company has 30 days to respond. Once they have determined your claim is correct, the reporting agency removes the account from your history.

According to a specific law, your credit report cannot be accessed without your permission. By applying for loans and other such things, you are granting those companies permission to access your information. There are times when collection agencies will illegally pull your history and use any information in it as a means of harassing and threatening you in order to collect their money.

Coffee history did you know that...

The wave of raising the glass to the jaws, aroma the coffee and have a drink of it, conceding some rest time is a tenor that unite a lot of people all around the world, but professional are without reservation few persons that know or impartial stroke the curiosity for the origins of coffee.

About the origins of coffee competent are a lot of legends, some famous, others less fine - admitted; certainly the most notable is the one that arrives from Chehodet nunnery in Yemen that tells that the drink was created by a friar called Kaldi, who succeeding having discovered from a notability that his goats and camels were more active identical at dim when they eat some particular barriers, tried to make a drink out of them, now he wanted to stay witting more time in order to pray more. Another legend, from a definitely more pagan and less religious derivation, is the one that tells that the archangel Gabriel, to help the prophet Mahomet when he was feeling sick during a journey, offered him a drink similar to an espresso, dark as the Mecca Sacred Black Stone, called quawa, assuring him that it could have helped him in proceeding with the journey, and so it happened.

Another legend that recalls a millenary story, was told still in 1700 by the friar Antonio Fausto Nairone - theology teacher at the Sorbona University - to his students, and told that coffee was discovered in Arabia by a shepherd called Kaddi that after having noticed that his livestock excited a lot after eating a certain kind of berry, submit it to the examination of the abbot Yahia, who extracted from it a drink for humans, that was able to invigorate the body in the event of weariness, freeing it from the clouds of the drowsiness.

Another legend tells that the origins of the toasted coffee as we know it today, has been discovered by an Iman from an Arabic monastery, who tried, with the berries of the coffee plant, to create a decoction for the monks of the monastery, who because of that dark and bitter beverage - stayed awake all night long, without feeling any drowsiness; another story tells that the precursors of the modern technique of coffee toaster are in the territory of Abyssinia, that in very ancient times was razed by a huge fire that spread in a natural plantation of coffee plants, creating an enormous dark cloud but also a very strong coffee aroma that spread for miles.

Apart from the legends born around this ancient drink, the reports found in many documents, prove that the diffusion of coffee was still present in the Islamic Orient, already since XVI century, while in the occidental world the diffusion of coffee was facilitated by Venice, where in 1640 was opened the first Coffee Shop.

Venice kept the primate for coffee importation in Europe until the end of 1600, when in Giava and Sumatra appeared the firsts coffee plants, stolen some years before by a group of Dutch sailors landed in Moka, Yemen; later on the seeds of this very ancient plant reached the Americas where today, especially in Brazil, exists the most ancient plantations of the world.

Article written by Serena Rigato with support from cialde online. For more information please visit vendita cialde, fornitori bar or content promotion

Delhi flights enlighten tourists with the ancient history of the place

Flights to Delhi receipts the tourists to the capital of the seventh largest country in the world with the second

biggest nationality. The country full of diversities and indigenous beauties has a lot of admirers and in consequence has its capital. The

enthusiastic travelers are perfect passionate about their vacations in this famous metropolis of the Indian subcontinent. Repeatedly

a humdrum life can be spiced up by inpouring the streets of this special popular turkey destination and caravan around the

historic roads of Janpath Road. The Indian Parliament is located in this marvelous conurbation along with some other highly

popular landmarks selfsame as the Salmon Earthwork, QutubMinar, India Gate and others where one can discern thousands of holidaymakers

standing in admiration and looking over the monumental geniuses.

New Delhi is the modern part of the capital and is the destination for modern day travelers who prefer to see the recent

developments in the national epicenter. The irresistible cultural flavor of the city and its spicy delicious dishes are the

chief attractions for the tourists who choose to book tickets for cheap flights to Delhi in order to spend a vacation

in this amazing place. Situated on the banks of the River Yamuna, this conurbation is an amazing place to visit for any

traveler who loves history and romance associated with the destination. The holidays spent here can be memorable and set in

the pages of history for ages. Summers spent here can be a bit uncomfortable as the temperatures are very high whereas the

winters are relatively better as it is very cold here at that point.

Delhi flights take the passengers to the greatest place in the country and help them explore a plethora of

attractions starting from the monuments set up by the Mughals in the medieval ages and the British edifices set up here when

the capital got shifted here in 1912 from Calcutta. The legacy of this metropolis ages back to centuries when Sultans and

emperors of various dynasties used to rule the nation sitting in their thrones in this city. Taking over this place meant

ruling the entire country which was restored by the British later on and has since been the capital of India even

post - independence. History of this unique conurbation has always been an interesting topic and once can know more about it by

visiting the historic sites as the Red Fort, Humayun Tomb, FatehpurSikri, India Gate etc.

The QutubMinar, Jama Masjid are epitomes of Islamic architecture and are must visits as any trip to this ancient

destination is incomplete without seeing these pioneers of Mughal monuments. The Mughals had made these beautiful edifices

which has won over eternity in the pages of Indian history and has since been alluring tourists from all over the world to

this amazingly populous tourist spot. It is a cosmopolitan city with several cultures intermingling in the localities thus

projecting the true picture of the cosmopolitan Indian nationality. Flights to

Delhi attract millions of holidaymakers to India owing to its natural charm about itself and the history associated

Did the El Draque Cocktail Change Naval History and the History of England

In 1586, the mammoth fleet of Sir Francis Drake unemotional lots of Spanish return and wreaked ruination. One more invasion was planned ( a ' Spanish ' hangout called Havana ) adjoining which the fleet would return to England. However masterly was an epidemic on - board the ships and the men were in no fit character for measure fighting and the fleet went into hiding on the June 4th. It was published that medicines based on aquardiente de cana could be used for dysentery and Richard Drake then made a medicine using aguardiente de cana, mint, limes and sugarcane extract to cooperation it more luscious. In South America, mint is admitted as hierbabuena, literally, great herb. A search on the internet finds that when the bark of the chuchuhuasi tree is soaked in aguardiente ( sometimes spelt aquardiente ), its properties entail being an recusant dysenteric ( for treating dysentery ), digestive appetition and febrifuge ( used to treat fever ).

Scurvy is a vitamin C absence, and would have been cured by drinking lime juice. In the 1700 ' s English sailors were called limeys, because of the use of limes in their rations. Proof that this medicinal mix ( later called El Draque ) worked is that it was taken during cholera epidemics. In one of the worst cholera epidemics to affect Havana ' s population, Ramon de Paula says: " Every day at eleven in the morning, I consume a little Draque made from aquardiente and I am doing very well. This medicinal mix was administered to the sailors of Drakes fleet using a large wooden spoon with a cocks tail handle. This is thought to be where the name El Draque cocktail came from. The cure worked, the fleet raided one last place, St Augustine ' s watchtower and then returned home.

What would have happened if this remedy had not worked? If the epidemic had not been stopped it would have killed many of the sailors on the ships. During the American Civil War, dysentery caused more deaths of Union soldiers than the Confederacy did.

Scurvy is a vitamin C deficiency and would have been cured by drinking lime juice. In the 17th century limes and a tot of rum were regular rations for the British Navy, which is why sailors were called Limeys. On a long voyage, scurvy was a killer. Magellan, for example, lost eighty percent of the sailors on his Pacific voyage, survivors described how they had to keep slicing the swollen tissue away off their gums in order to be able to chew their rations. Descriptions of scurvy - afflicted explorers are absolutely awful. A French translation written in 1613 says " There developed in the mouths of those who had it, large pieces of excess fungus flesh which caused a great rot. Their teeth barely held in place, and could be removed with the fingers without causing pain. Later, severe pain developed in the legs and arms, which became very hard, swollen and covered with spots like fleabites. Consequently, they had almost no strength and suffered unbearable pain. They also had severe cramps in the stomach, loins and bowels, as well as with a very bad cough and shortness of breath. Unfortunately, we could find no remedy with which to cure these symptoms ". ( Samuel de Champlain, 1613 ) From vol. 1 of Champlain Society ' s 1971 ed., of Champlain ' s 1613 ed., Voyages du Sieur de Champlain

Conclusion: Had the epidemic not been stopped, then possibly the fleet would have had to come out of hiding in weakened condition, and might never have been able to make. There are a number of scenarios all of which would have caused the loss of the fleet. This would have led to the subsequent success of the Spanish Armada two years later, and the fall on England to the Spanish. The authentic Drakes cocktail ( El Draque ) can still be found in a ' bar battersea ' called the SugarCane, near the site of the old Tudor shipbuilding yard by the River Thames.

A former University lecturer and technical writer for over 20 years. A place that has the El Draque cocktail is The SugarCane bar in Clapham Junction

Brief History Of Yoga

History of yoga - an overview

The history of yoga is believed to be as old as civilization. The prehistoric roots and its gradual evolution and development are testimony to this truth. Ancient yoga derived from Indian asceticism to uniting in the cosmic one. Yoga history could be traced in the Upanishads, Vedas and akin in Brahmanas. The yoga history was and illustrated in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.

How yoga derived its proper name?

The history of yoga is recorded in our scriptures and its continuously developing in recent times. Though yoga has evolved with changes in techniques and methods but the essence and purpose remains the twin. The tete-a-tete yoga derived from Sanskrit discussion Yuj, message to unite.

History of yoga in Indus valley civilization -

The archeological excavations of ancient civilization shows that exact before 3000 BC yoga had evolved. The artifacts and the Yogi glyptic are testimony to the gospel. The multifarious yoga postured relics depicts, some of the noteworthy yoga postures in them.

History of yoga in Vedic period

With evolution of Vedas the foundation of Hinduism was laid. The Vedas hold the ancient yogic teachings and hence is known as Vedic yoga. While some vague references of history of yoga could be found in the Vedas but practices could be found in the Brahmanas. The Rig Veda mentions yogas practice as yoga was essential with Vedic ritual. This dates back to 900 BC.

History of yoga in the Upanishads -

This period is also knows as pre - classical yoga period. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad makes the reference of yoga meditation and is clearly reflected in 900 BC to 400 BC. The Mahabharata and the Bhagavad - Gita ( oldest Yoga scripture ) shows the yoga history in 500 BC and 200 BC resp. Even in Buddhism, the importance of yoga meditation and various yoga postures have been mentioned.

History of yoga in the Patanjali Yoga Sutras -

This period is also known as the Classical period of yoga. The main attempt of Patanjali was to define and normalize classical yoga form and is known as Patanjali eight fold path of yoga ( Eight Limbs of Classical Yoga ).

Post classical yoga -

Numerous sovereign yoga schools were developed during this period after the Yoga sutra period, hence the name Post classical yoga. The human body became filed of study along with the meditation which was missing is the previous years. A new system with numerous yoga exercises was developed. And thus Hatha yoga, Raj yoga and other branches emerged.

Modern yoga and its history -

The Chicago summit and the famous lecture of Swami Vivekananda became a turning point with the introduction of Yoga to the Western world. Thus various yoga schools emerged and more and more people learnt this yogic form of exercise.

Yoga today in modern world -

Yoga has gained immense popularity in recent years. Yoga has become a health movement. The westerners views and spirituality has changed a lot. Yogas has become a mandatory fitness regime. Yoga has evolved into more modern form like power yoga or Zen yoga.

Yoga has revealed through its long history. The vast oceans of Yogic literature and the motivation and drive makes all follow the true Yogic path.