Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Discover The Holiday Pleasures And Excitement That An Egypt Cruise Can Offer You

If you have markedly illusory having fun and memorable inwardness in your life time, Egypt cruises are there to certify you get the best out of your holiday. It allows you exceptional juncture of navigation around the shores of Egypt. Beautiful spotless beaches and historic sites around the country make it all fun and exciting. The country has all the essentiality and facilities that make the holiday full of enjoyment. This article outlines several popular heart and places visited by these places.

Egypt has a great and amazing history that attracts visitors across the world. It is known to be one of the most ancient countries that any person would love to visit. There is wide range of tourism attraction features like great pyramids, shores of river Nile, pharaoh ' s images and beaches of red sea among others. These cruises allow the visitors to tour around these places and other ancient cities within the country.

Usually, cruises in Egypt use river Nile which allows the visitors an opportunity to have a look at the ancient cities along the river. In addition, it is known as the only means in which one can access the famous temples and tombs that are recorded in the books of world history. The river also connects the southern region and northern part of the country. This is the best way of exploring this historic country.

Nile cruises are the most popular in Egypt. There are considerable variations in these cruises. They take either three, four or seven nights. The choice of the cruise depends entirely on the taste of the individual and the time available for the holiday. There are shorter tours that usually operate between the city of Luxor and Aswan. These cruises may take three to four days.

Apart from short tours, Egypt cruises are also ideal for long travels. This may take ten to fourteen days to complete. This covers even most remote places of Egypt including seven days around Cairo to see ancient pyramids and visits to country ' s museums. This seven days Nile cruise may also include flight to Abu Simbel which is in the southern part of the country.

There are popular Nile cruises that are ideal for short holidays. These usually take the route of Luxor and Aswan. These cruises start from Cairo to late Nasser through Luxor and Nile. This allows you to experience twelve days of enjoyable tour at very competitive cost. This allows you the chance to have a look at ancient Egyptian temples and deities. With three thousand five hundred US dollars, this trip is a reality to you. It provides the most appropriate way of spending your holidays and gives you the value for your money.

These cruises allow you to sail through the longest river in the world. Egypt being the earliest civilized nation, it attracts millions of visitors from all over the world. There are all reasons to make a trip to this great country with most of the historic features in the world. Availability of Egypt Cruises ensures that your tour to Egypt is rewarding and highly fulfilling.

Did the El Draque Cocktail Change Naval History and the History of England

In 1586, the vast fleet of Sir Francis Drake indifferent lots of Spanish proceeds and wreaked damage. One more attack was planned ( a ' Spanish ' town called Havana ) later which the fleet would return to England. However there was an epidemic on - board the ships and the male were in no fit constitution for molecule fighting and the fleet went into hiding on the June 4th. It was avowed that medicines based on aquardiente de cana could be used for dysentery and Richard Drake therefore made a medicine using aguardiente de cana, mint, limes and sugarcane extract to help it more appetizing. In South America, mint is recognized as hierbabuena, literally, good herb. A search on the internet finds that when the bark of the chuchuhuasi tree is soaked in aguardiente ( sometimes spelt aquardiente ), its properties number among being an resisting dysenteric ( for treating dysentery ), digestive yen and febrifuge ( used to treat fever ).

Scurvy is a vitamin C want, and would have been cured by drinking lime juice. In the 1700 ' s English sailors were called limeys, because of the use of limes in their rations. Proof that this medicinal mix ( later called El Draque ) worked is that it was taken during cholera epidemics. In one of the worst cholera epidemics to affect Havana ' s population, Ramon de Paula says: " Every day at eleven in the morning, I consume a little Draque made from aquardiente and I am doing very well. This medicinal mix was administered to the sailors of Drakes fleet using a large wooden spoon with a cocks tail handle. This is thought to be where the name El Draque cocktail came from. The cure worked, the fleet raided one last place, St Augustine ' s watchtower and then returned home.

What would have happened if this remedy had not worked? If the epidemic had not been stopped it would have killed many of the sailors on the ships. During the American Civil War, dysentery caused more deaths of Union soldiers than the Confederacy did.

Scurvy is a vitamin C deficiency and would have been cured by drinking lime juice. In the 17th century limes and a tot of rum were regular rations for the British Navy, which is why sailors were called Limeys. On a long voyage, scurvy was a killer. Magellan, for example, lost eighty percent of the sailors on his Pacific voyage, survivors described how they had to keep slicing the swollen tissue away off their gums in order to be able to chew their rations. Descriptions of scurvy - afflicted explorers are absolutely awful. A French translation written in 1613 says " There developed in the mouths of those who had it, large pieces of excess fungus flesh which caused a great rot. Their teeth barely held in place, and could be removed with the fingers without causing pain. Later, severe pain developed in the legs and arms, which became very hard, swollen and covered with spots like fleabites. Consequently, they had almost no strength and suffered unbearable pain. They also had severe cramps in the stomach, loins and bowels, as well as with a very bad cough and shortness of breath. Unfortunately, we could find no remedy with which to cure these symptoms ". ( Samuel de Champlain, 1613 ) From vol. 1 of Champlain Society ' s 1971 ed., of Champlain ' s 1613 ed., Voyages du Sieur de Champlain

Conclusion: Had the epidemic not been stopped, then possibly the fleet would have had to come out of hiding in weakened condition, and might never have been able to make. There are a number of scenarios all of which would have caused the loss of the fleet. This would have led to the subsequent success of the Spanish Armada two years later, and the fall on England to the Spanish. The authentic Drakes cocktail ( El Draque ) can still be found in a ' bar battersea ' called the SugarCane, near the site of the old Tudor shipbuilding yard by the River Thames.

A former University lecturer and technical writer for over 20 years. A place that has the El Draque cocktail is The SugarCane bar in Clapham Junction

Don ' t Mix Up Wwii And The Vietnam War Study Tips For The Ap Us History Exam

Studying for history exams is often one of the more painful tasks a high school student can take on. While history itself can be a fascinating subject, full of intrigue, theatre, and betrayal, studying for a history exam is ofttimes materiality other the fascinating. It consists of memorizing names and dates and facts and keeping in imagination that the 1500 ' s are the 16th century and that AD is now avowed as BCE and Beijing used to be called Peking.

While it ' s familiar impossible for students to completely avoid hitting the books in preparation for their World History final or the AP US History Exam, there are some things they can do to make studying more enjoyable. The first is to chatter to someone from an earlier generation. This tactic is particularly useful for exams that focus on the 20th century. Talking to a grandfather who served in WWII or a neighbor lady who remembers voting for Franklin Delano Roosevelt all three times and ask them what their lives were like. Because if there is one thing octogenarians like to do, it is talk to young people about the past. This probably means getting subjected to a lecture about how things were simpler back then and they just don ' t understand kids these days, but the personal connection that comes from hearing about historical events from someone who actually lived through them can add poignancy and make memorizing those dates and facts a little easier.

Mnemonics are another handy way to memorize dates and facts. There are lots of tips and tricks to keeping similar sounding names straight and remembering when and where key historical events took place. One way to do that is set a series of facts to a familiar tune like " Yankee Doodle " or " Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star. " If it ' s difficult to keep certain details straight ( is Micronesia north of Melanesia or south? ), the tune of a familiar song can help where regular memory fails.

Connecting names and facts to other, more familiar ones is another to do that. For example, when trying to remember that Jackson is the capital of Mississippi, it might be easier to think of Michael Jackson, as is " Michael Jackson, Mississippi. " It ' s like the Before and After category on Jeopardy. If the Before and After trick doesn ' t work, some people actually find it useful to make long, complicated connections between facts, like " Mississippi Huckleberry Finn sailed down the Mississippi River with JimJim, James, John, Jack. Jackson, Mississippi! " Of course it ' s important for the studier to follow his or her own natural train of thought, but depending on the strength of the mental connections he or she is able to make, those stream of consciousness memory tricks can be surprisingly successful.

Nothing can take the place of putting in the time and effort to learn about important historical facts, like who signed the Magna Carta or the causes of the Vietnam War, but making personal connections to history, or utilizing memory tricks to keep facts straight can both decrease study time and improve success rates.

Collecting Medieval Helmets

One of the most fun and rewarding hobbies that a person can enjoy is collecting articles from history. There is no better way to dig the present and disposition for the future than to plunge oneself in what has come before. Of all the periods in world history that had the most profound consequence on the modern world, the Medieval duration is conceivably the most influential. Following the birth of Christianity, the world took a striking shift in the statement of power available. While the Roman Empire once stretched out across all of recognized civilization, the attacks from the barbarians and integration with other cultures eventually led to its disintegration. With the Medieval title, new ideas regarding battle, religion and politics commenced to arise, as well as advances in technology.

That is why many collectors from all over the world like to celebrate this period in civilization ' s history by collecting artifacts that are authentically styled to represent what existed at the time. If you are considering starting a collection of Medieval helmets and other artifacts, make sure that you first know what it is you are looking for. In order to do this, it is important to brush up on your history. Whether you are after the real deal or a convincing facsimile, the construction patterns and materials used must be of the utmost quality and authenticity. While it helps to do business with a reputable dealer, supplying yourself with knowledge ahead of time will allow you to distinguish knock - offs from superior quality.

While you are at it, you should make certain that you are paying a price that is reasonable and fair for the products you are buying. In order to do this, it helps to know what similar products are going for on the open market. Only then can you construct your offers in such a way that is beneficial to your budget while also honoring the quality of the craftsmanship and materials. Networking with like minded collectors is also important, and in this age of Facebook and social media, it is easier than ever before to connect with people, who can put you on track to the next great purchase, or perhaps others willing to make a purchase from your own collection.

Collecting Medieval helmets is a worthwhile endeavor that makes for a great conversation piece as well as a nice sideline for earning a little extra income. Some hobbyists even enjoy playing dress up to relive Medieval banquets and battles. If you have a taste for history that you just do not wish to let go of, then consider starting your very own collection, but make sure that you protect yourself and your budget in the process.

CraftingTranscribing System Using The Secret World Guide

Secret World guide, players are apt privilege to fashion an inceptive character with self - created weapons with self - picked stats to strife the rising darkness. " >Funcom has created a class - less, level - less MMORPG called The Secret World. Instead of fixed levelling system or class - categorized abilities, a entertainer can author one ' s own weapon and add stats that one desires. To do so, The Secret World leveling guide has a crafting system called the Transcribing System, which creates gears and adds specific stats for the weapons.

Transcribing System is one of the user interfaces in The Secret World for players to disassemble, rarefy, and assemble items to base the actor ' s build choices. Items that can be created varies from consumable items to talismans and populous weapons. Players can create items to increase the quality level of the weapon, to add stats to the weapon, or simply to sell the items to earn extra money. All players can use this transcribing system as long as the player knows the shape and has the materials needed.

First step in the transcribing system is to disassemble an item. Disassembling an item provides the base materials in a specific " shape " on the grid. The given shape defines the item type. For example, if a player disassembles a hammer, the grid will display a shape of a hammer. It also provides some base materials such as the sacred metals. In order to upgrade the quality of the hammer, one must create the weapon using better source of materials; in this case, pure metals. Players may root pure metals or refine metals by placing five of an item in the assembly window. This is called refining. Refining allows players to create crafting materials for further upgrade. Once the player has collected enough materials, players can place the materials in the given shape on the grid and click assemble, and outcomes the better hammer.

Players can also add stats to their weapons by creating prefix, suffix, and core items. These items adds ratings to the weapon. There are all sorts of different ratings that can be added to the weapons such as physical protection, block rating, penetration rating, critical damage, magical protection, and many more. In order to add these stats on the weapons, players need to create prefix and suffix items using the transcribing system. To assemble a prefix, player must root a toolkit. Toolkit provides a list of materials needed to make a prefix. Place the necessary components and the toolkit and assemble it. Lastly, combine the created prefix with the weapon in the inventory window, and it will result the original item with stats that the player seeks for.

In The Secret World guide, players are given freedom to create an original character with self - created weapons with self - picked stats to fight the rising darkness.

Collecting Vintage Perfume Bottles The History of Perfume Bottles

Collecting Vintage Perfume Bottles: The History of Perfume Bottles

The History and Evolution of Perfume Bottles ( courtesy of http: / / www. perfumes. com / eng / bottles. htm )

Perfume Bottles in Ancient Times

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The enticing fragrance of the perfect perfume and the eye - take grace of the bottle has been an important part of world culture since ancient times. The oldest proclaimed perfume bottles came from the Ancient Egyptians. They crafted containers made of stone and pure which kept the perfume chill, and prevented the juice from leaking. The Ancient Egyptians also used clay pots that they sculpted into designs of people and animals.

Perfume was an important part of the Egyptians preparation of the dead. Many of these ancient perfume bottles have been start in tombs. Containers have been begin made of wood with individual compartments for each perfume.

Glass bottles were also a part of ancient perfume history. They date all the way back to the fifteenth century BC. Perfume bottles made of glass were lightweight, and also prevented the extract from leaking. Eventually the glass bottles were created in a modification of colors.

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Perfume bottles discovered in Palestine were made of glass, and were designed to have a undersized long smooch. These delicate bottles were primarily begin in tombs. Larger perfume bottles were also found in tombs due to it was believed to shadow the smell of the dead race.

The Ancient Greeks also made beautiful containers to authority their perfume. They hand painted vases which were repeatedly shaped as animals. They used lidded bowls for return less appreciated perfumes.

The Roman ' s expensive their perfumes. They used hollowed - out precious stones to take their most appreciated fragrances.

Early European Perfume Bottles

Europeans used many other materials to store their precious perfumes. The most stale materials that were used were glass, gold, silver, porcelain, semi - precious stones and shells. Perfume was commonly used in the conformation of incense. Some incense burners consisted of a container bound from handcuffs that was swung like a pendulum during Mass in the Christian Church. Stationary incense burners were also commonly used in Churches.

Some European perfume containers were designed to be worn. Semi - precious stones incumbent perfumes and were pinned to clothes. Silver earrings were worn that contained perfume soaked material inside of them. Many containers were designed to be hung around the canoodle, from a region, or from a finger ring.

Perfume bottles were handcrafted and designed by artists, jewelers and goldsmiths. Each bottle was gently crafted and designed to be worn, or displayed on a fodder.

Inconsequential wooden boxes were created to purchase a wipe soaked with perfume. These boxes would fit inside a pocket and could be taken out and inhaled at atom time.

Porcelain was used in the Thirteenth Century. Many highly decorative bottles were created. Boxes were created that included perfume and other essentials. Some boxes contained several bottles of perfumes, a hump and a mixing dish.

Most fragrances during this time were first biased in inexpensive, plain bottles. Thence the perfume was transferred into a fancy bottle at home.

Perfume Bottles of the Early 1800s and 1900s

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The sketch of perfume bottles made a dramatic change in the delayed 1800 ' s. There was a great incline of the arts movement called Art Nouveau. Most Art Nouveau designs consisted of floral motifs, and were primarily used to plot the perfume ticket and box, countdown the perfume bottles fairly average in styling.

Several famous pieces of this time were the Aroma Nouveau, Royal Vaissier, and Cri du Coeur. The Scent Nouveau was a Roger & Gallet perfume. It had a square green - glass bottle with an awesome opulent brass casing. Royal Vaissier displayed magnificent Art Nouveau style paper motifs in the form of a fleur de lys designed by Baccarat. Cri du Coeur ( Cry from the heart ) was a Lorenzy - Palanca powder box. It had a woman - flower image which is a rare high - style Art Nouveau icon.

Belle Epoque was the preferred style for perfume presentations at this time. The style tended to be traditional, cluttered, very elegant and very French. Examples of perfume bottles of this style were Coronis by Monpelas and Roger & Gallet ' s Gloire de Paris.

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A new trend in perfume bottles was to create a bottle that looked like a luxurious crystal with an elaborate brass cap. The bottles had classic designs, and the brass caps matched the ornate gold labels and boxes. A few examples of this style were Rose Ispahan and Prince Igor by Riguard, Rose de Chiraz by F. Wolff & Sohn, Stylis by Delettrez, Eros by Richard Hudnut, Le Lilas by Riguard, and Mavis by Vivaudou.

During the 1910 ' s, there was a noticeable shift in the design of the traditional perfume bottle. The emergence of psychology and new perfume creations led to much more complex perfume bottles and names. The power of suggestion and dreams was having a huge effect on cultures in general, and perfumes were also affected. Perfumes were being marketed for specific times of day, seasons, and people.

Guerlain introduced the perfume " Voila pourquoi j ' aimais Rosine " ( That is why I loved Rosine ). The bottle resembled a vase, and the stopper was concealed under silk flowers. The bottle shape was again used in Guerlain ' s " Muguet " ( Lily of the Valley ). It was later re - introduced in all white with a white ribbon replacing the silk flowers. This presentation was an immediate success. Guerlain later introduced " Le Mouchoir de Monsieur " ( The Gentleman ' s Handkerchief ) which had an innovative bottle with the shape of a triangle and a spiral motif on each side.

Rene Lalique was approached in 1906 by the perfumer Francois Coty to design the bottles for his perfumes. Coty was well established in the perfume industry and desired both beautiful and affordable bottles to hold his perfumes. Lalique was successful in fulfilling Coty ' s wishes, and continued to design bottles for his future creations. His most famous designs include Au Coeur des Calices, L ' Entrainement and Ambre Antique. He also designed bottles for other perfumers. Some of his most famous creations were developed for Houbigant, Roger et Gallet, D ' Orsay, Forvil, and Arys and Molinard.

Other creative perfume bottles of this time were " Rediviva " ( Revived ) by La Compagnie Francais du Lysogene. It was shaped like a porcelain coffeepot, and the perfume was dispensed through the end of the spout. Illusion was presented by Dralle in 1908. It had a silver case shaped like a lighthouse, and the perfume bottle was held inside of the case.

The Oriental Movement in Paris began in 1910 by Paul Poiret, a famous French fashion designer. Pioret introduced an Oriental style in clothing, furnishings and perfumes. Women, who longed to wear the gowns he designed, but could not afford them, could still wear his perfume. For women who did wear his collections, the perfume was the final touch. Poiret developed a new perfume " Chez Pioret " with beautiful and innovative packaging. The bottle was made of clear glass with a colored glass stopper. It was decorated with gold tassels, and had a new label with a classic " R ". Pioret used his boxes as a tool for expressing the style of the fragrance.

Bichara Malhame was a very successful perfumer in Paris. His famous label on his perfumes portrayed himself seizing a mythological figure of Fortune by the hair. He also appeared on a Baccarat stopper wearing a wig, and appearing as an English judge.

Perfume Bottles of the 1920s

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The 1920 ' s brought a new era to perfumes. After World War I, many American Soldiers brought perfumes back to the states from Paris. This greatly influenced the perfume market in the United States. The perfume industry expanded rapidly, and many new perfume companies emerged.

Many fashion designers expanded their merchandise by including perfume. Most of these designers knew very little about creating a good fragrance, but they did know about style. They understood the importance of the visual presentation, which became vital to the success of the perfume.

Mascarades were very popular at this time, and had a strong influence on perfume bottles. " Masque Rouge " was introduced in a very modern bottle, and the box had a red mask motif. " Mascarades " by Cherigan came in a black bottle with a golden face under a rain of gold dust. " Arlequinade " was a Rosine perfume which resembled a Harlequin costume. It had gilded and clear triangles on the bottle, and a dark - green Bakelite stopper in the form of Harlequin ' s hat and an orange wood tassel.

" Bakanir " was introduced in 1927 by Honore Payan. The bottle was a simple geometric shape with a stopper resembling an exotic headdress. The box was covered with painted leather with a ceramic plaque. It was one of the most luxurious presentations for perfume.

Baccarat perfume bottles were designed using superior quality crystal. They designed bottles for most of the perfume companies during this time. Two of their famous perfume bottles were designed in 1927. " Silver Butterfly " by Delettrez was made of pink crystal with silver ornamentation. It was designed in the shape of a vertical hexagon with an abstract motif. " Astris " by L. T. Piver was shaped as a star, and featured a silver six - pointed motif.

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One of the most famous perfumes, Chanel No 5, was released by Chanel in 1921. The perfume was revolutionary in scent and presentation. The bottle was a very simple design. The perfume was intended to make the masculine world available to women.

Perfume Bottles of the 1930s

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With the stock market crash of 1929, and the depression that devastated the United States, the perfume market slowed down dramatically. There remained a more limited demand in Paris, and only the strongest companies such as Baccarat, Brosse and Lalique were able to continue. The bottles became less elaborate, tended to be conservative and were often machine made.

Perfume bottles during this time were less frequently inspired by nature, and more often reflected Hollywood movies and metropolitan cities. Lalique designed the presentation for " Je Reviens " by Worth. The bottle resembled New York skyscrapers. It was a tall ribbed bottle in dark - blue glass. The stopper was sky blue, and the box had a chrome surface. It was a very modern presentation.

Jean Patou released the perfume " Normandie " in 1935. It was inspired by the luxury ship the Normandie. All First Class Passengers on the ship ' s maiden voyage were given a souvenir model of the Normandie. Inside the model of the ship was a crystal bottle of perfume.

Perfume Bottles of the 1940s

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World War II caused another decrease in new perfume creations, as well as a decline in the quality of perfume presentations. After the war, the perfume industry was re - established, and many new perfumers emerged.

Christian Dior and Nina Ricci both presented works of art that strongly influenced the perfume industry. " Miss Dior " by Christian Dior was offered in an elegant clear crystal Baccarat bottle. Dior used a classic look that was elegant and luxurious. Nina Ricci was known for feminine and romantic creations. L ' Air du Temps was released in 1948 and sold in a sunburst shaped bottle. The stopper was decorated with a dove. The lid of the box was lined with white silk and depicted a woman and a flying dove. The 1951 box was in the shape of a birdcage covered in yellow silk, and was illuminated by a battery.

Perfume Bottles of the 1950s

http: / / www. zensoaps. com / perfumesale / C - danatabu. jpg Perfumes once again became inspired by romance in the 1950 ' s. Salvador Dali designed the bottle for " Monsieur Marquay " by Marquay. The bottle featured an elegant man with a top hat and bow tie. The box was simple white with Dali ' s moustache and signature.

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Christian Dior introduced " Diorissimo " in 1956. The special edition bottle was designed by Baccarat. The crystal bottle was in the form of an amphora, and the stopper had a magnificent flower bouquet in gilded bronze designed by Chrystiane Charles.

" Magie " was released by Lancome in 1950. Every Christmas a special edition was released. It was presented in a Baccarat spherical bottle with stars, and a box covered in leather or satin.

Modern Day Perfume Bottles

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Pierre Dinand was the first perfume bottle designer to produce perfume bottles exclusively. Dinand designs bottles with a modern feel, and uses the bottle as an expression of the perfume. He has produced numerous bottles using state of the art plastics, and has transformed perfume bottles in the 1980 ' s and 1990 ' s.

Serge Mansau is another modern day perfume bottle designer. He prefers to focus his designs on nature ' s beauty. His prize winning bottle for " Montana " was inspired by a maple seed. He has used flowers, stones and waterfalls as ideas for his bottle designs.

Jewelers have also entered the perfume business. Van Cleef & Arpels were the first jewelers to release a fragrance. Cartier followed An Cleef & Arpels with the bottle for Panthere in 1986. Tiffany, Bvlgari, Chopard and Boucheron have also launched fragrances.

Baccarat and Lalique continue to design the highest quality perfume bottles. Perfume bottle collecting has also become very popular. Most collectable perfume bottles come from French perfumes and date from the 19th and 20th centuries.

Modern day perfume bottles are expected to give the feel of the fragrance. The perfume bottle makes the first impression, and often helps the buyer decide if they want to add the fragrance to their personal collection.

Tips for Collecting Vintage Perfume Bottles

Always Keep an Eye out for opportunities to add to your collection! You never know where or when you could stumble upon the perfect bottle to add to your growing collection. Check out estate sales, garage sales, flea markets, antique stores, and specialty vintage perfume bottle websites online. You may even be able to find one or two in your own family, so ask around! What could be more special than a family heirloom perfume bottle in your collection? Decide how you want to collect your vintage perfume bottles. Do you want to only collect a certain brand? Or maybe you want to collect only perfume bottles manufactured during a certain time period? Creating a theme for your collection will make your collection as a whole more valuable and interesting. Do your research. It is good to know a little bit about what you are collecting before you start shopping! This way you will know if you happen to stumble upon a rare, unique find! Knowing a lot about your new hobby will also help you stay engaged. Books such as the Antique Trader Perfume Bottles Price Guide and The Wonderful World of Collecting Perfume Bottles, by Jane Flanagan are great resources for perfume bottle collectors. Don ' t discard the mini bottles! When you are shopping for perfume bottles, snatch up the mini sizes of your favorite brands. Sometimes, these are rarer and are worth more than their larger counterparts! Check local events and conventions. You never know when a vintage perfume bottle convention could be coming to a town near you. These are great opportunities to learn more about perfume bottles and find some really great deals and unique bottles. Become a member of the IPBA. The International Perfume Bottle Association. Being a member of this association gives you access to exclusive newsletters and information about vintage perfume bottles. They also hold events each year, including a convention, conference, and perfume bottle auction.

Continue civilisation. july 15 1099 One Of The Great Days In History. Jeru - salem Retaken.

The remaining crusaders now get going themselves retrograde a new opponent, the Fatimids from the Egyptian Muslim state, who had due re - conquered Jerusalem. The Fatimids had a 3 or 4 to 1 standard in garrison. The remaining 12, 000 crusaders which reached Jerusalem were too spent to keep a siege reciprocal to that at Antioch. The siege of Jerusalem ( 9 June - 15 July 1099 ) was dominated by preparation for the successful assault, which taken down the more several Fatimid defenders. It was an audacious and well executed siege against heavy odds of success.

After the fall of the city, the crusades sacked the city, massacring most of the cats, not limiting themselves to the Moslems, shocking equivalent their contemporaries with the acuteness of the sack. It was however standard for armies of the time to decimate cities which would not surrender to a siege. The Moslems were experts at annihilating entire populations having done so numerous times throughout the Arab and Turkish conquests. The Turks would make the streets of Constantinople run with blood in their pillage of the weakened Christian capital in 1453.

After taking Jerusalem Godrey of Bouillon was now elected its Guardian but faced yet another large Fatamid relieving army arrived from Egypt. Despite outnumbering the Crusaders 5 to 1, the Fatamid army was nowhere near as dangerous as the Turks had been, and Godrey won a crushing victory at the Battle of Ascalon ( 12 August 1099 ). The crusade had been an overwhelming success, but the seeds of eventual failure were already present. The crusaders established four principalities - Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli and Antioch - which were often at odds with each other, while many of the crusaders returned home soon after their victory, reducing the crusader strength in the east. Despite this, the crusader kingdoms managed to survive until the fall of Acre in 1291.

This outreach of European power was vital for Europe ' s development. Europe was not an impoverished unenlightened backwater circa 1100 A. D. It had a complex political - economy. Numerous inventions populated the military, agriculture, science and medicine inventions never developed by the Arabs or Muslims. Numerous centers of learning and artistic development dominated whole regions of Europe and the massive stone structures of the Gothic era give current testimony to the intelligence of European engineering and the use of advanced machinery none of which could be found in any contemporary Islamic state.

Thick forested Europe with a hard climate and varied geography was an advanced and confident state by 1100 A. D. Its collective resources far outweighed that of the Moslems and the Turkish empire. The problem for Europe was unity of purpose without which a decisive eradication of the Muslim threat would never occur. Europe was in almost every respect by 1100 A. D. superior to the Moslem states. The Crusades were but a reflection of this basic fact.

Yet in today ' s world the really ' smart ', ' progressive ' types loathe the Crusades. In their very profound ' study ' and ' analysis ' after independent reading, these massive minds reach a very quick conclusion that the Crusades were a bloody and criminal failure. How dare anyone travel thousands of miles to fight peaceful, sedate, cultured and superior Muslims they cry! After all the Muslims had only conquered, slaughtered, enslaved and extirpated Christians, Greeks, Berbers, Jews and Europeans for 4 centuries! Why the rush to fight back? What about dialogue and comity of cultures and multi - cult harmony they implore?

In reality of course the First Crusade was a holy success and a definite turning point in European and world history all for the better. This deeply offends the relativists and the great numbers of Western hating bigots who unfortunately populate the heights of popular culture, politics education and the media. Ignorance is not bliss, it is just simply ignorance.