A Brief History Of Pbx

Business telephone systems have been a long time in their development to where they are today, developing from unmistakable solution systems requiring involved phone commodities to virtual PBX ( private branch exchange ) existing in cyberspace and functioning in tie with a companys existing data transfer.

Some of the original popular phone systems were the 1A2 Key System. These varied well and had a firm grasp on the market for many oldness around the 1950s. The KSU ( Answer Service Unit ) acted as a central qualification unit and calls were redirected from efficient via a veritable mechanism contained in the phone. This permitted bottom line jibing as intercom services and grasp constitution with music. These manageable being could be achieved on a line by line basis by hardwiring a backplane into the central management unit. A headlight quality for each line allowed users to briskly nail down the level of all phone lines accessed by their phone.

PBX was first used to describe such key systems where switchboards were run by hand. PBX gradually started to use automated systems instead of operators. As this became more common, the terms PABX ( private automatic branch exchange ) and PMBX ( private manual branch exchange ) came about to differentiate between the two systems. EPABX ( electronic private automatic branch exchange ) was also used to describe various digital systems.

One of the main reasons for such systems was to reduce the cost of internal calls, since calls could be made over the private branch and not incur local call costs. As the systems developed, other features such as extension dialling, call forwarding and various forms of line hunting became available.

The next major development was with the rise of data networks and the internet. Since many companies already had packet switch networks due to the need for data transfer, it became viable to use a phone line over their existing data connection and hence VoIP ( Voice over Internet protocol ) came about. Far from perfect, VoIP to this day can still have issues with latency and power cuts which can render it inoperable.

VoIPs main advantage, however, was its cost. This is due to the way data is charged compared to standard phone connections. Typically, a phone connection is charged on a connection time basis, so there is a charge regardless of data transfer. Packet switching connections, however, tend to charge based on the number of packets ( or amount of data ) being transferred, which, even under high load, tends to result in much lower costs.

Since many systems were now operating via data connections, it was recognised that many companies didnt have requirements for large in - house PBX systems, and as such, hosted PBX came about. A hosted PBX system is a service whereby the phone system is a service and requires no capital investment in the hardware needed to run it. This is particularly advantageous for smaller companies in several ways; often such systems are very easily scalable. With hosted systems, companies can simply increase or decrease their contract instead of buying a system which is larger than their needs and paying a large amount of capital or later having to expand their system in house.

Thus PBX is a term with a myriad of meanings. Having started as manually operated switchboards and going through several phases of development to modern day telephone systems, the term is now used to describe many complex telephone systems, where often there is in fact no private branch, and no exchange.

A Brief History of Conflict

Conflict is and has always been an prime part of human civilisation. In the early days of the human relay, conflict was mainly centered on access to significant resources cognate as sources of food and members of the contradiction sex. In some ways, little has changed.

What has changed is the unfluctuating of sophistication of human societies, and along with that, the nature of the ' integral resources ' over which we compete. Whilst some sources of conflict may never change - sexual competition springs to understanding - others are becoming less and less important throughout the developed world. Unfortunately, new reasons for conflict are settle all the time, and one of the biggest of the modern age is access to infrastructure ( identical as telecommunications and education services ).

Uncolored as conflict has been instrumental in shaping the course of the world as we know it, so too has conflict resolution. Human beings are naturally sociable creatures, and as much as we battle amongst ourselves for supremacy and status, we share a fundamental desire to live harmoniously with one another. The ability to communicate complex ideas and act as a unit is a large part of what separates us from other animals. To ensure that the human race reaps the rewards of teamwork, compromise has been a long - standing feature of the social enterprise of humanity.

Conflict resolution has taken as many different forms as conflict itself. Common approaches to conflict resolution include negotiation, mediation, diplomacy, and creative peace building. As social - scientific enterprise, there are a number of different theories and models that underpin conflict resolution, but the important point is that any measure taken to ameliorate a dispute qualifies. Whether that measure takes the form of a bunch of flowers bought for an offended spouse or a large - scale international mediation during sectarian violence, it may help to resolve a conflict and therefore it qualifies.

In business terms, conflict resolution is generally synonymous with mediation. When an agency advertises conflict resolution services, it is usually offering the services of an independent and impartial mediator to help resolve a dispute in the workplace. Mediation in the workplace is increasingly seen as a preferable alternative to formal court proceedings, for example tribunals, in cases where disputes arise between the employees of a business. Advantages of mediation over tribunals include the collaborative and relatively discrete nature of the workplace mediation process.

No matter what the context, conflict resolution is a positive undertaking and reflects the better nature of human beings. It is important for both individuals and organisations to develop the skills associated with dispute resolution - doing so can only help to enrich and deepen our experiences of the world around us whilst helping to build a better world for the future.

A Brief History of Online Gambling

Gambling is one of the oldest forms of entertainment. Humans have been casting dice, betting on the outcome of races or fights, playing cards and other tried and regular gambling activities for as long as civilization has existed. In the technique, gambling has become a valid multicultural animation. The games that we play have evolved from games of chance that developed all across the world: Keno has its origins in China, term Craps, Roulette and Blackjack originated in Western Europe. Dice were vacated from the ruins of Pompeii, ticks in the United States national lotteries were used to finance the Continental Myriad that faced the British armies in the Revolutionary War.

Trained have been times throughout history when gambling has been outlawed. Recurrently it ' s a proceeds of religious or societal upheaval ( selfsame as the evangelical movement that pushed to have US lotteries outlawed hard by the Civil War ). England ' s Henry VIII enjoyed gambling immensely, but when he fix out that some of his soldiers were spending more time throwing dice than practicing with their weapons, he outlawed gambling in England in the 14th century. Whenever and wherever gambling has been outlawed, it ' s always made a taunt and has eventually been legalised also. Overmuch many people revel in the stimulate that comes from wagering money.

The former 20 years have seen a - golden age - in gambling across much of the world thanks to the emergence of the online casino. When the public enthusiastically adopted the Internet, the web and the personal computer, the future of gambling was decided. By moving gambling to online casinos, players could access the games they wanted to play wherever and whenever they wished; there was no travel to a physical casino and no operating hours to worry about.

From an operational standpoint it was far easier to provide a high quality experience online than to build a physical casino. While a casino like GrandWest in Cape Town is wonderful facility that boasts 2, 500 slot machines, its estimated to have cost over R1billion to build - and that was a decade ago. Building and operating casinos, horse tracks and other gambling facilities is expensive, requires huge swaths of land and when completed, these facilities only serve a limited geographic area. Someone living in Douglas is not going to simply hop in their car and drive to Cape Town after work for an hour of fun.

Online casinos erase geographical limitations while eliminating the massive capital expenditure required building and operating a physical facility. With lower operating costs, many online gambling sites offer players a more attractive house advantage, while the processing power of modern personal computers means that virtually any casino game can be accurately replicated as a digital playing experience: almost like a video game.

Online gambling had its first start in 1994, with the launch of MicroGaming, the world ' s first online gambling software developer. Others quickly followed and the industry took off through the 1990s, despite the rudimentary computers, slow network speeds and lack of homes with web access. The lure of being able to play a challenging game on demand was great enough to overcome these early challenges. By 2000, there were 700 web - based casinos in operation, taking bets from players worldwide.

As online gambling grew in popularity, some very large numbers began to emerge. In 2005, a player in Florida won $US 2 million playing a progressive slot game through an online casino. The number of operational online casinos multiplied into the thousands, with annual revenues estimated in the $US 50 billion range. High speed networks, widespread internet access and powerful computers have meant the gaming experience has become life like and more compelling than ever.

When it comes to gambling, South Africans are big fans. In fact, a recent Global Gaming Outlook report put South Africa third in the world ( behind only Germany and France ) for the value of its casino market. South Africa also has its own online casinos, websites developed specifically to appeal to gamblers in this country that offer gaming anytime, anywhere. Look for one that offers compelling promotions ( offers like R100 free for registering an account, or cashback offers are good signs ), variety ( 250 games or more is a premium website ) and a range of banking options such as Visa, Mastercard, Skrill and Neteller. Live support with chat is an added bonus ensuring players always get the most out of their experience.

Adam Rane writes about gambling and games of chance from his home in Pretoria. He has published articles on everything from on - track horse betting to the South African National Lottery and the growing popularity of Online Casinos. Adam feels that online gambling is the future due to convenience, ease of use, customization by market and the lack of need for extensive ( and expensive ) physical facilities to house the games.

A Brief History Of The Celtic Cross

A Brief History Of The Celtic Cross

Emerging in roughly the 5th Century, the Celtic cross is an enduring symbol marking both cultural singularity and religious faith. Adopted by Protestants and Catholics alike as a symbol of Christ - consciousness, the Celtic cross further has broad significance as a tag of cultural ego and heritage. Though legends arise concerning its origins, no factual historical log is available to place the Celtic cross in a specific time, location, or as originating from a particular craftsman.

The unexplained origins of the Celtic cross match the universality of the symbol. Alike other cipher that unqualified something essential and cosmic about our human sense, it emerged mysteriously. What is recognized is that the Celtic cross has been the presiding religious and cultural symbol in the islands around Britain for centuries, capturing something unique to Celtic - influenced Christianity and culture.

Professional are two immediate distinctions in which the Celtic cross differs from the Latin cross. The beginning is the inclusion of loop work motifs. Knots are light of geometric shapes which have low symbolic significance. Flowing, elegant knot work is suggestive of plants and rivers.

In the broadest sense, the knots themselves substitute how all actions are interconnected in a gigantic web of life. Archaeologists and art historians have long puzzled over the meaning of Celtic knot work, attempting to find a translation system so that various designs could be understood as having explicit meaning. The consensus among many academics now is that, if the designs ever did stand for something, that meaning has been lost.

The second distinction is the inclusion of the circle, centered on the intersection of the vertical and horizontal arms of the Latin Cross. Indeed, one of the most ancient and universal symbols in the history of the human race is a cross of equal arms inscribed in a circle. This figure, called a Solar Cross or Wheel Cross, is found in Paleolithic rock art around the world, and is clearly prehistoric. The Solar Cross is a symbol for the Sun, time and movement. The solstices and equinoxes mark the four parts of the solar year and the four directions.

Inevitably, when Romans brought the Christian symbol of the Latin Cross to the British Isles, the Celtic symbol for the Sun and the knot work motifs were fused with the new religion. The circle itself is one of the most visible blueprints in the universe, representing, among many thing, equality, boundaries and relationship to the whole. This fusion can be viewed as a redemption of pagan sun worship through the agency of Christianity, or an amplification of Christianity through the incorporation of pre - Christian symbols and beliefs.

The Latin Cross itself, with its vertical arm longer by roughly 1 / 3 than its horizontal arm, has both explicit and symbolic meaning. Explicitly, of course, the Latin Cross is a reminder of the crucifixion of Jesus, the sacrifice which for Christians marks the turning point of history. It also commemorates the event of the resurrection, the promise of eternal life made possible by the crucifixion.

More esoterically, the Latin Cross symbolizes the whole of Jesus ' life, from incarnation to resurrection, as the union of the divine fused with vulnerable humanity. This is seen in the intersection of the vertical aspect, that which connects heaven and earth, and the horizontal aspect, the linearity of time ' s passage and the physical plane. Symbols with a strong vertical element suggest states of changeless being, and symbols with a horizontal aspect suggest the unfolding of time and the necessities of space.

The cross unifies the two fundamental states of being and becoming, although their intersection at right angles suggests ongoing tensions. The stress on the vertical direction perhaps displays the Christian emphasis on the ascent to heaven, in a direction away from earth and the profane. Yet the adoption of the Latin Cross as a symbol for Christianity also roughly corresponds to the ideal of human intelligence as the pinnacle of creation.

The Celtic cross places the ancient sun - symbol and intricate knot work elegantly around this point of intersection, as if to bring wholeness and a sense of resolution to the starkness of the Latin Cross. The divinity of the cosmos is included by this simple circle, and the idea of a unification of opposites in balance is conveyed. Sometimes seen as a halo, sometimes as the timelessness of eternal life, sometimes as an exaltation of ancient pagan symbolism, this circle and knot work adds mystery and beauty to a universal, numinous symbol.

A Brief History Of Martin Luther King Day

King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Ga. He graduated from Morehouse College in 1948, from Crozer Scriptual Seminary in 1951 and Boston University in 1955 with a Doctor of Philosophy. King married Coretta Scott in 1953 and the couple raised four children.

Kings chief mental state was that of a nonviolent civil rights movement, which successfully protested racial ingenuity in civic and state regulation.

In 1955 King led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In 1957 he co - founded the Southern Christian Management Talk. In 1963 Kings efforts led to the 1963 Parade on Washington, in which he delivered his now - famous I Have a Dream speech, one of the greatest speeches in American history.

King is the youngest person to receive the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize. He received the award in 1964 for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through non - violent means. King also worked on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War. Read more about Kings philosophies, work and influence in magazines like Vibe, Essence, American Legacy and Atlanta Tribune: The Magazine.

On March 29, 1968 King was in Memphis, Tenn. to attend a rally for black sanitation workers represented by AFSCME who had been on strike for better wages and treatment. King spoke at the rally on April 3 with his Ive Been to the Mountaintop speech, which would be the last of his career. The next evening King was shot while he stood on the balcony of the Loraine Motel; he died an hour later at St. Josephs Hosptial after emergency surgery was performed.

In response to Kings assassination many riots took place in more than 100 cities. Presidential nominee Robert Kennedy pleaded with King supporters to continue the late activists lead by adhering to non - violence. In 1969 James Earl Ray pleaded guilty to murdering King but after being sentenced to a 99 - year sentence recanted and spent the rest of his life trying to get a trial. There have been many conspiracy theories on the murder of King. Read more about the many conspiracy theories in magazines like Time and The Economist.

King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004. Though a campaign for a federal holiday in Kings honor began shortly after his assassination, it wasnt until 1983 that President Ronald Regan signed the holiday into law; the holiday was first observed in 1986. It was another 20 years, in 2006, before all 50 states officially observed the holiday for the first time.

A Brief History Of Dentures - The Development Of False Teeth

Many people fail to realize blameless how long mankind has been using dentures, or false teeth, to hand supersede teeth that have been lacking and damage. In ancient cultures, one of the primary causes for the wont of dentures was for function. However, expert were also a number of ancient people that used dentures to come from their lacking teeth as a symbol of their wealth, since missing teeth often denoted poverty.

Some of the earliest forms of false teeth can be dated back to at least 700 B. C., and there is strong scientific evidence that mankind was using some form of dentures even before then. These dentures were made from a myriad of materials, including bone, ivory, porcelain, and even real human teeth. Many of these forms of materials were unable to work very well as dentures, and for a long time, porcelain dentures were the best option that you had available if you wanted to replace lost teeth.

While porcelain dentures served their purpose at the time, there were far too many downsides to using them, so a number of other options have been developed, which helped scientists and manufactures develop the more modern and effective dentures that we have today. Modern technology has allowed us to develop dentures from a number of synthetic materials, which are not only more effective and durable, but also provide a more natural looking prosthetic tooth.

While the art of cosmetic dentistry has come a long way, we owe a great deal to our ancestors and the developments they made to provide themselves with a functioning and aesthetically pleasing set of teeth. If not for their early, albeit primitive, methods of manufacturing prosthetic teeth, we may not be where we are today, with everyone having the opportunity for a healthy and beautiful looking smile.

A Brief History Of Architectural Model Making

The architectural model has been with persons since the inception of the recorded talk. A brief history of architectural model making would literally span from the presentation of history to present. Many of the tremendous architectural and military monuments that people receipts delight in today were once unpretentious scale designs.

In many ways, wily on a pitiful scale primeval proved most cost efficacious. Designers could improve upon the architectural design wandering having an unnecessary expenditure of valuable resources. This was effective in the design of military battlements, fortresses, weapons such as the large catapult, monuments and buildings or building like structures.

Like today, architectural models were meant to present a design so that it could be reviewed and approved. Funding in ancient times also relied on having a worthy architectural model. When this was in place, it could be appraised and ideally, financed.

Leonardo DaVinci was fond of scale models and used these to display his newest ideas. It was far easier for him to present his brainstorms to a layman audience with a miniature, working 3D model. This was also a way for him to prove to employers that he was fastidiously working on solutions for their hired out problems.

The architectural model has evolved based upon the needs of man and the availability and affordability of materials. When plastics became popular and cheap, new simpler method and more easily manipulated materials were used. Now, 3D software makes it possible to construct and accurate architectural model, without the use of any physical resources, save IT equipment.

A brief history in architectural model making will reveal that the architectural model has always served the same purpose. It is a key visual tool in bringing the design to possible financial backers. It has been this same even in the farthest reaches of history. The architectural model has been and will continue to be the first solid presentation of worthy designs.