History of Tacos

Tacos are a Mexican tradition that goes back hundreds of dotage. In gospel, anthropological evidence suggests that indigenous people alive in Mexico ate tacos filled with mini fish. Hernn Corts may have been one of the primary Europeans to have haggard tacos during a feast with captains worked closest him as documented by Bernal Diaz del Castillo.

Taco ingredients can vary more so than perhaps any other dish. Traditional taco ingredients include Spanish style sausage, grilled or fried shrimp, shredded chicken or beef or a variety of other ingredients. Different regions in Mexico can vary drastically in what types of ingredients they fill tacos with. For example, many of the tacos you would find in the Baja region are made with shrimp or fish and served with pico de gallo and mayonnaise sauces.

Taco ingredients are served in corn or wheat tortillas and are typically eaten without utensils. Tacos are often accompanied by garnishments such as avocado, tomatoes, guacamole, salsa and cilantro.

Some of the tacos we enjoy today in the United States and Canada are loose interpretations of the Mexican tradition. Hard - shell tacos are one of the most famous non - traditional versions of tacos. Breakfast " >http: / / cafecoyoteoldtown. com / blog / cafe - coyote - serves - it - up - puerto - nuevo - style - every - thursday - starting - at - 11am - until - close - for - 25 - 95 " >Breakfast tacos have also become popular in many areas and are usually made with beans, tomatoes, eggs and sausage. In some parts of the Western and Midwestern pasts of the United Sates - Indian Tacos - have also become popular. Indian Tacos, also known as Navajo tacos, are made with frybread instead of tortillas and are sometimes served at various festivals.

History of Herbal Medicine

I have an ear hanker

2000 B. C. ~ Here, eat this root. ot.

1000 B. C. ~ That root is pagan, opine this prayer.

1850 A. D. ~ That prayer is superstition, drink this potion.

1940 A. D. ~ That potion is snake oil, swallow this pellet.

1960 A. D. ~ That pellet is unprofitable, take this antibiotic.

2000 A. D. ~ That antibiotic is artificial. Here, eat this root.

2060 A. D. ~ Only drug addicts and bums mobilization prescription meds.

The Progression of Medical Thinking

About Possibility Methods of Curative

1960 ~ Quackery

1970 ~ Fringe

1990 ~ Choice

1997 ~ Collateral

2001 ~ Integrative

Today ~ Most doctors square one suggesting natural means of cure.

2020 ~ Mainstream

2040 ~ Herbs available in injections

2060 ~ Illicit to mobilization medical prescription drugs with side effects ( about 90 % of 2011 prescription meds )

Herbal Medicine

Overview:

What is herbal medicine?

Herbal medicine - further called botanical medicine or phytomedicine - refers to using a plant ' s seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of value frontage of conventional medicine. It is becoming more mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality upper hand along with advances in clinical research fireworks the rate of herbal medicine in the treatment and preventing disease.

What is the history of herbal medicine?

Plants had been used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Ancient Chinese and Egyptian papyrus writings recount medicinal uses for plants. Indigenous cultures ( uniform as African and Native American ) used herbs in their salutary rituals, eternity others developed regular medical systems ( parallel as Ayurveda and Regular Chinese Medicine ) in which herbal therapies were used. Researchers erect that people in different parts of the world tended to fitness the corresponding or similar plants for the same purposes.

In the early 19th century, when chemical analysis first became available, scientists began to extract and modify the active ingredients from plants. Later, chemists began making their own version of plant compounds, and over time, the use of herbal medicines declined in favor of drugs.

Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80 % of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 - 700 plant - based medicines are available and prescribed by some 70 % of German physicians. In the last 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use.

What is herbal medicine good for?

Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions, such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, and irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia and other degenerative diseases, among others. Herbal supplements are best taken under the guidance of a trained health care provider. Be sure to consult with your doctor or pharmacist before taking any herbs.

Who is using herbal medicine?

Nearly one - third of Americans use herbs. Unfortunately, a study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that nearly 70 % of people taking herbal medicines ( most of whom were well educated and had higher - than - average income ) were reluctant to tell their doctors that they used complementary and alternative medicine. Many herbs can interact with prescription medications and cause unwanted or dangerous reactions. Be sure to consult your doctor before trying any herbal products.

How is herbal medicine sold in stores?

The herbs available in most stores come in several different forms: teas, syrups, oils, liquid extracts, tinctures, and dry extracts ( pills or capsules ). Teas can be made from dried herbs left to soak for a few minutes in hot water, or by boiling herbs in water and then straining the liquid. Syrups, made from concentrated extracts and added to sweet - tasting preparations, are often used for sore throats and coughs. Oils are extracted from plants and often used as rubs for massage, either by themselves or as a part of an ointment or cream. Tinctures and liquid extracts are made of active herbal ingredients dissolved in a liquid ( usually water, alcohol, or glycerol ). Tinctures are typically a 1: 5 or 1: 10 concentration, meaning that one part of the herb is prepared with five to ten parts ( by weight ) of the liquid. Liquid extracts are more concentrated that tinctures and are typically a 1: 1 concentration. An extract form is the most concentrated form of an herbal product ( typically 2: 1 - 8: 1 ) and is sold as a tablet, capsule, or lozenge.

Currently, no organization or agency regulates the manufacture or certifies the labeling of herbal preparations. This means you can ' t be sure that the amount of the herb contained in the bottle or even from dose to dose, is the same as what is stated on the label. Some herbal preparations are standardized, meaning that the preparation is guaranteed to contain a specific amount of the active ingredients of the herb. However, it is still important to ask companies making standardized herbal products about their product ' s guarantee. It is important to talk to your doctor or an expert in herbal medicine about the recommended doses of any herbal products.

Are there experts in herbal medicine?

Herbalists, chiropractors, naturopathic physicians, pharmacists, medical doctors, and practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine all may use herbs to treat illness. Naturopathic physicians believe that the body is continually striving for balance and that natural therapies can support this process. They are trained in 4 - year, postgraduate institutions that combine courses in conventional medical science ( such as homeopathy, nutrition, and lifestyle counseling.

How can I find a qualified herbalist in my area?

For additional information, or to locate an experienced herbalist in your area, contact the American Herbalists Guild ( AHG ) at site www. americanherbalistsguild. com

Dr. Strande is a Naturopath and a Microbiologist. Part of his services are phone consultations to patients all over the world. If you have tried everything and you are still not well call the clinic at + 1713 ) 660 - 1420, and check us out at www. simplyhealingclinic. com

History Of Kettlebells

The kettlebell, is proclaimed as the Girya in Russian. It is a strength and conditioning tool. It has been widely used for centuries in Russia by the police, military and the people to development strength, endowment and rosiness. It is used for both training and competitions to testify to strength.

It numero uno appeared in a Russian History in the dictionary in the date 1704, acknowledged are lots of people defiance to know the history and origins of kettlebells and finished are loads of theories surrounding them which causes a lot of confusion, this article discusses all the theories and forms a valid conclusion as to the history of Kettlebells.

The Prevalent Russian kettlebell weighs 1 Pood this is approximately a 16 kg kettlebell ( or 35 pounds ).

Kettlebells were recognised internationally as a superb fitness tool when trained was an article about them in the fitness magazine Hercules in 1913.

The smallest kettlebell competition was contracted in 1948 in Russia. It next became Russia ' s National sport.

Russians were outstripping other nations in terms of explosive faith and strength this led other nations to start training and finding the benefits of Kettlebells.

A committee for the sport of Kettlebell lifting was created in 1985, with the first National Championship for Kettlebells held in Russia in 1985.

Theories of kettlebells history

Human culture has been inventing for thousands of years, we have also been competing for strength since the dawn of time. So it makes complete sense that we would begin training for these events and all intelligent cultures would add a handle to a weight to increase the amount of weight we can train with.

Throughout history Cultures have used some form of handled weights for strength training and this can be traced back thousands of years to the Shaolin Monks of China, they used stone padlocks to train similarly to kettlebell training. This training was known as Shi - SuoGuong. Ancient Greeks are also known to have trained for their Olympics so it is likely they would have used kettlebell style training.

Another theory for thier history is that the kettlebell originated with the Russian artillery branch of the military, who added a handle to the cannonball in order to develop strength that they could apply to loading the cannonball in battle.

Some people believe Kettlebells origins are part of the Scottish Highland sporting history using curling stones as the principal model. Curling uses brooms to guide heavy gliding round stones across ice. Iron handles were attached to the stones to make them easier to handle. Farmers began using handled stones for their training sessions to prepare for the Highland Games. Scotland and Russia have a close relationship which dates back to the middle ages. Many Scots flocked to Russia over the ages because it was ripe with opportunity and potential for a better standard of living.

Conclusion - The history of kettlebells

As I discussed above many cultures used similar equipment to kettlebells in their training both before during and after the Russians started using kettlebells. But is important to state they used similar equipment it is however Russians who started using kettlebells specifically. It is a known fact that Russians farmers used a bell shaped weight to measure out quantities of grains and goods on balance scales. As I have discussed earlier, give a man a heavy weight and he will quickly want to show everyone he can lift it. So farmers and laborers were quickly competing for strength with the kettlebells.

So it can be concluded that kettlebells originated in Russia as a farmers weight.

History Of Kalamazoo

The Michigan village of Kalamazoo was initially named by Native Americans. Although, the correct origins are uncertain. Practiced are some that image the city ' s name is interpreted as " the mirage of reflecting river, " due to others conceive it means bubbling or boiling water.

By way of comparable an interesting agname, many bards, authors and songwriters have been stimulated by The city in their fine art. Perhaps the most prominent might have been the classic trouper Glenn Miller ' s I ' ve Got a Witch in Kalamazoo. At the rudiment of the 20th century, 3 vessels had been additionally christened Kalamazoo.

There are other names for Kalamazoo too. In the past, the city has been known to by many names. Additional names have been " The Paper City, " because of its many paper and cardboard mills; " The Celery City, " for the reason that so a large amount of the plant was grown on the periphery of kalamazoo in the mucklands. An alternative name was " The Mall City, " was named following the building of the pioneer outside pedestrian shopping mall in the in 1959.

Like other Michigan communities, Kalamazoo was struck by the auto making industry of the early twentieth century.

The lush land on which Kalamazoo is developed assisted to beget the nickname the " Bedding Plant Capital of the World, " in view of the fact that Kalamazoo county is the home of to the leading bedding plant cooperative in the U. S. Hundreds of thousands of plants, it is easy to stumble on many of them in county ' s parks. They are offered each year to home gardeners and landscapers on a national scale.

At one time, Kalamazoo was in the past the manufacturing base for Checker cabs, Gibson guitars, Kalamazoo stoves, Shakespeare fishing rods and reels, and the Roamer automobile. Parchment paper, prepared from vegetable byproducts, gave Kalamazoo ' s neighbor, Parchment its name.

At present, Kalamazoo is still one of the bigger metropolitan areas in Michigan. However, departed are the pulp mills in Kalamazoo, there still are some paper, package and specialty paper companies keep the industry important in the area. Although the mucklands have dried up and celery is no longer a chief significant local crop, there nevertheless are new businesses that have established themselves. Stryker is a world leader in making medical equipment. Some of the top beer on earth is brewed at Bells Brewery. A. M. Todd Company is the worldwide leading refiner of mint oil. Kalamazoo ' s devotion to education is obvious in esteemed Kalamazoo College and the larger school, Western Michigan University, which was built in 1903.

History Of Hummer Cars

Initially, Hummer used to make only trucks and they were promoted by Common Motors. The archetypal design of H1 was primitive founded on militarys Humvee but the Hummer cars of H3 and H2 ended up as civilian advertised automobiles.

GM next didnt transfer the cognomen to Motors Liquidation Responsibility when the bankruptcy was filed. They decided to retain the brand monogram. They wanted to sell the brand itself. Sichuan Tengzhong, a Chinese automobile power, announced that they would be buying Hummer cars model but then the bid was uncherished for Chinese regulators disapproved it.

The pseudonym of Hummer brand can be traced back to the days of Jeep, a military vehicle. In the early days of 1980s, a firm called LTV Task made a style for competing with US Myriad contract. The convey or car was made to serve in military environments as principle light tactical auto. The name of this vehicle was Humvee or High Mobility Multi - Purpose Wheeled Car ( HMMWV ).

These Hummer cars were seen more in Persian Gulf War in the 90s. They instantly became popular because of their durability and the users gave a lot of positive feedback about it. AM Normal then decided to make a civilian version of the Humvee and this car was named the Hummer. Trade name rights were bought by General Motors in 1999 and they then became responsible for marketing, distributing and manufacturing the Hummer cars and the future SUV line of cars.

The manufacturer of Hummer cars were going to be dismantled because of GMs bankruptcy. But Sichuan Tengzhong came to the rescue by offering a new deal soon after the first ones rejection. But then sales really hit low around April and hence production of Hummer cars was stopped. The final Hummer H3 was rolled off line in May at Shreveport. Hummer cars are closed down but there might be other manufacturers making similar cars soon.

These cars were very popular amongst car lovers. They used advanced technology and the manufacturers didnt hesitate to slap a high price on these vehicles. Car enthusiasts bought hummer just because of their luxurious theme and high end technology. Material used in these cars like allow wheels make it run smoothly even on rough roads. One of the best feature of the car is remote engine start. The seats are made up of soft and high quality leather. These cars can house lot of people inside at a time. There are plenty of exciting features here like Bluetooth, heated front, and auxiliary real climate control.

People prefer these cars ahead of other brands because they come with high end features like maintenance kit and it also includes front brush guard, toolkit, portable lamp and for emergency purposes, there is a first aid kit. The package equipment has chrome accent, entertainment system, navigation system, and rear view camera. There are hood handles and latches, mirror caps and fuel filler doors. The mirrors tell you the about the vehicles nearby. Hummer cars were famous amongst celebrities.

History of Platform Shoes

You may estimate platform shoes are something straight out of contemporary try culture, but you ' d be erroneous. Platform shoes have a rich and varied history that begins in the theaters of Ancient Greece. Terrible actors would regularly don platform sandals with wood or cork soles. This in addition height was reserved for characters of particular preponderancy or integrity. The practice was adopted by the Romans who called these platform sandals kothorni.

Catherine d ' Medici wore specially made 2 - inch platform heels to her wedding to the Duke of Orleans. The petite woman ' " platform sandals " were called chopines and were popular in Venice. They were different than other aerial heels at the time for the chopine elevated the entire deadline. Roman men besides were uttered to wear shoes with elevated heels to augmentation their height; in China during the Qing tract, a nobleman named Manchu wore platform shoes similar to the chopines of Venice.

These platform shoes were associated with wealth, nobility and power. They were a way of disguising someone ' s petite size, or of elevating an " important " person to even greater heights. But platform sandals also have a less " noble " history. They were commonly worn by highborn courtesans in Venice during the 16th century, and they were used in the 18th century to lift people out of the putrid mud in the streets.

Platform shoes existed in the US and Europe in the 1930s, 40s and 50s but they did not become a fashion sensation until the 1970s and 80s. At first, platform shoes were popular for young women, but once disco reigned, platform shoes became the must - have accessory of stylish young men. These platform shoes were all about making an outrageous fashion statement. Rockers such as David Bowie and the band KISS donned platform shoes as part of their larger - than - life personas.

Platform shoes of the 70s ad 80s were made with cork, wood and synthetic soles. These massive soles could transform boots, sneakers, dress shoes and even sandals into platform sensations. As the trend progressed some companies ( such as Kork - Ease ) went for " comfort " platforms while others tried for higher heights and even more outrageous designs. The trend started to die out in the late 1980s but has made several comebacks in the 1990s and first decade of the 20th century. The Spice Girls rocked out in platform shoes for a new generation of teens and tweens.

Though platform shoes perhaps look more outrageous, they are actually better for the feet than most high heels because they elevate the entire foot, keeping heel and toes on the same level.

Jane Barron works for OddShoeFinder. com, a free online website that helps people find mismatched footwear. Get more information on deformed feet, corrective shoes or foot length difference.

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History of Mido watches

Chatter of vintage watches and one agnomen that springs to the imagination double time is Mido. Mido continues as a robust favorite among the chronometer collectors of the world today. Mido has been a compellation to believe with throughout its history of over 80 elderliness, with watches that are meant for analog watch connoisseurs and discerning users. It specializes in mid price scope watches that submission something designated and out of the ordinary. Mido prides itself with making timeless watches.

Midos history goes back midpoint 90 second childhood to 1918, when the company was born. Mido was commenced on November 11, 1918 by George G. Schaeren in Biel, Switzerland. Mido is a Latin phrase that means measuring. Since its ideal inception, Mido has been in the forefront of specialist innovation and timeless designs.

The closest several decades that followed the birth of the company, saying Mido advancing both technologically and aesthetically. Ticks path breaking innovations allied as the first automatic watch, the first watch with unbreakable springs, the first center chronograph, the worlds most powerful winding mechanism, and the worlds smallest ladies watch hall marked the technological advances, Midos collaboration with luxury brands threw up unique and attractive designs like the Mido Bugatti.

In 1934, Mido introduced the Multifort model, the first watch in the market to have a self - winding movement. The introduction of this automatic watch for the first time in the market was a major milestone in the history of Mido. The watch was also shock resistant, anti magnetic and water resistant all firsts at that time. Mido reached yet another milestone in the same year when it introduced watches with unbreakable springs. This was also the first time that any company had introduced such springs in the market.

Mido was the first to introduce center chronograph ( a watch with all hands arranged in the center ) in the year 1945. In 1954 the company introduced the worlds most powerful winding mechanism. In 1967 Mido was recognized as the maker of the worlds smallest ladies watch.

With so many firsts to its credit and a history of innovations, it was small wonder that Mido was in the forefront for a number of decades. Midos first automatic, anti - magnetic and water resistant watch remained in the forefront for over three decades right through to the sixties. Another model, the Mido Robot was a symbol of robustness in the fifties. So much so that a famous comic strip of the period was dedicated to the Mido Robot and its adventures.

Mido introduced its commander model in 1959. This was a single shell watch, the first of its kind and a novelty at the time. The single shell case revolutionized the industry, and improved the life span of watches significantly. Mido commander has survived to this day, and is among the most highly recognized watches with several individual models. Among the models featured under this range is an 18 karat gold model. The range also includes chronographs and COSC certified chronometers.

History Of Handmade Beaded Jewellery.

Thence what could be interesting about the history of handmade beaded jewellery? Whole in truth it can be simple interesting when you learn the interesting detail about the making of this handmade jewellery.

Examples of handmade beaded jewellery have been set up from centuries ago and in one way or supplementary they have been a part of our culture and traditions. Some render that the primogenial evidence that man was exhausting beaded jewellery over 70, 000 senescence ago when he ad hoc to thirst to wear existence of beauty. Then trinkets and semi - precious constant stones were in there raw state but incredibly beautiful. Beaded jewellery has been used in many ways and has been treasured both for its beauty and later in history for its monetary value. These pieces of handmade jewellery were used to trade for other goods and these were to become known as trade beads. Some cultures wore beads as talismans and good luck charms. So when did they become used as pieces of handmade jewellery.

We believe that the history of jewellery started the fact that men and women loved these pieces of gemstones but as this was the days before we carried around handbags, hand pockets or a safe place at home to store them these gems were attached to leather straps so that they could be worn around there necklaces as pendants and necklaces. These simple designs were the first pieces of beaded jewellery that we see in history. As time went by handmade jewellery started to become more refined and became a status symbol. Beaded jewellery was worn by the rich and wealthy and the powerful to show their status within society. The beads that were used to create these jewellery designs were even used to trade in the place of money.

Handmade beaded jewellery has for a long time been handcrafted from many types of beads crafted from many types of different materials. You are able to find these beautiful pieces that have been crafted from materials like clay, glass, bone, porcelain, ceramic, shells, paper, semi - precious stones, wood, cloth and metals. There are very talented craftsmen that have been producing these stunning beads and many of the techniques that are used in this art form have been passed down through the centuries through the family from father to son and some of the techniques are closely guarded secrets.

Mass produced beads were not available to us until the 1800s when the art of glass bead making became widely available. One of the first manufacturers of mass produced glass beads was Swarovski who created the process of making beautiful special beads and these are now highly in demand. This company has become famous all over the world for their stunning crystal beads and they have taken their art work to make beautiful ornamental pieces.

In different parts of the world we will find different types of beaded jewellery, earrings, jewellery bracelet designs crafted from wooded beads, beaded jewellery made from shells, necklaces crafted from beads that have been made from painted ceramics. Every culture will have their own style and designs that they make these pieces of handmade jewellery. From Italy you will get the most stunning of beaded designs that have been crafted from the famous Murano beads. The art of making these beads has been a well kept secret for 100s of years. From china you will get unique and unusual pieces of beaded handmade jewellery that have been crafted from jade. In France they used to specialise in filigree metal beads and from these jewellery bracelet designs were created and many other unique pieces.

Whichever pieces of beaded jewellery you decide to choose from anywhere in the world there will be an interesting history behind it.

History of Jewelry in Indonesia Related With Indonesian Culture

During the gone in Indonesia, jewelry has been not neatly handy as accessories to decorate the body to look too much and attractive look but and function to be a boom to the circumstance. The account as a way to ceremonies may bright-eyed be ring in in the unexampled Javanese inscriptions, among others, described that the regulation situation sima ( compass fief ) trained is a series of gifts ( Pasek - Pasek ) to officials equaling as textile ( wdihan ), rings, and gold and silver green stuff. Book Sumanasantaka ( around the 12th century ) mentions the prize had been ( bracelets, necklaces, rings ) is reserved for people who fully comprehend the skill leveled in the arts of music, dance, and Satra.

Type of jewelry in Indonesia, from classic phrase largely in the pattern of a crown, pinprick, ear stuff, necklace, zone chest, arm bracelets, bracelets, rings, and jempang ( cover woman sex. ) This type of jewelry that was contained on stone and bronze statue not entirely of metal, homologous as the hip girth and belts made with leather - based or thick fabric however has gold buckle that is sometimes decorated with priceless stones. And, professional uncal decoration, which is sort of molecule little sash that hung in front of the thighs, from hip cestuses uncertain down, decorated with tassels on the edges of the metal. At the time of Majapahit sculptures ornaments uncal length to bottom the foot, nearly to the ankles, while in sculpture from the Central Java and East Java earlier, reaches to the knee or slightly below the knee.

In Trowulan INDONESIA found gold jewelry, but few have introduced the hands of the government. Since 1950 until the 1960 ' s most wild searching gold diggers in this area who then secretly sold them. Now this activity does not exist anymore, but alternated with damaging activities as well, which is digging the soil to be used as brick - making material. In 1991 brick artisan in the village of Nglinguk, get 9 pieces of gold jewelry ( 2 bracelets, two chain necklaces that include a pendant - one of them - and each 1 piece of tube and cover, container and chain fragments. Most of this revelation includes a high quality. Before that, in 1976, never found kowi ( melting metal container ) are smaller ( diameter 5 cm ). All these findings remind us of the activities of gold producers in the past, a place which is now immortalized as the names of a village, Village Package, on the west Seagram.

In a of the historical record jewelry Indonesia, publicized in 1881 stated that the Hamlet Bedok, Soko, found ten pieces of gold items in bronze tube being made of earrings, bracelet sleeves, fragments of pendants, and headdresses sword. These sighting present a collection of National Museum of Jakarta - Indonesia.

Among the jewelry, there is one type of beautify " giant head " with an open mouth in which there s a green gemstone. Some gold object, shaped round with openwork relief on both surfaces, some sources known as an ear ornament. Although this reason is questionable, that one of the front surfaces can be eliminated, in order that can function as a cover. Perhaps it is a sealed container to place the fragrance. Relief on one surface and sangkha portray winged spiral pattern in the middle. Patterned surfaces any other lotus petals. Sangkha winged may seem a popular decorative motif from the Central Java and isn ' t always associated with the god Vishnu, though sangkha is one attribute of the god Vishnu.

There is possibly a relief object is not empty, in all probability hung as decoration chest normally installed or on the hair. National Museum of Jakarta - Indonesia store two - berelief decoration is a very interesting and entertaining is the collection No. 6816 and then 6914. No collection. 6816 has a relief depicting the god Surya mount a horse, surrounded by a circle that emit light in a triangular pointed tip. Shining circle motif is usually called a " ray of Majapahit ", and also commonly found on statues and temple relief ' s century 14 - 15. No collection. 6914 is also a similar decoration, has a relief depicting a scene in the Ramayana story. Decipher it depicts 2 monkeys to walk on water using a rock lord on top of his head.

Coming from Mojoagung - Indonesia, west Trowulan got 2 pieces of wire or rope necklace shaped plain. A full round - shaped necklace as well as the other flat. This necklace worn tight across the neck. While plain, without ornament of any kind, shape necklace from the 14th century it could be assumed as a result of post - modern art.

Another necklace, also did not form chains, but the form of a wire spiral so - called necklace untiran ( Java: untir = gyre ). This necklace is also used tight on the neck and in the middle, there are pegs that opened.

Technical Preparation The technique is generally used for the manufacture of gold objects were casting ( pouring molten metal ) and forging ( forging a thin sheet with a hammer / wood ). After the new improvements with polishes and so forth. One variation of the placement is repousse, which put gold leaf on a rock or other metals that have been patterned, and then pounded to form a convex relief on the sheet. Some of these gold objects are objects that hollow, made of thin gold sheet. To strengthen the gold sheet was on the inside reinforced with bronze ( in the invisible part ) and hole. Between gold and bronze filled with fine clay that is not burned.

Find another article from me about men rings, Eternity Rings, and Solitaire Rings.

History of Kabbalah Abraham

Abraham was a single from the parlous primary Kabbalists, some 3800 caducity ago. As the ancient Midrash ( writings that examine the Hebrew Bible in well-lighted of the spoken tradition ) tells us, Abraham lived in Mesopotamia, inside city of Ur of the Chaldees, and as all humans of Mesopotamia, he worshiped the sun, the moon, the stones, and and the trees. But one day he began jar:? How was the world created? Why does every concern? wheel? around us? What generates the flow of life??

As he investigated these questions, he realized that qualified is totally a pattern to life? s flow, that fact has a dawn and an point, and a sequence of generate and effect. Eventually, he discovered that practiced is certainly 1 Exceeding Constraint that sets existent in flow, an inclusive fury of Nature that governs everything and brings about everything that exists,? the Creator.?

Throughout his investigations with the Upper Force, Abraham was guided by a Kabbalistic guide written by his predecessor. Long prior to Abraham, a man named Adam had also discovered the Upper Force and had written a book about it known as Raziel HaMalach ( The Angel Raziel ). This guide was passed down from Adam to subsequent generations, and 20 generations later it reached Abraham. Based on Adam? s work, Abraham advanced the wisdom of Kabbalah, added his own observations to it, and wrote a considerably advanced book termed Sefer Yetzira ( The Guide of Creation ). Here is an excerpt:

? The Divine force established its rule, might, eternity and unity through thirty - two secret paths from the descending Upper Light and concealed itself in three categories: The e book, the story - teller plus the story.? Sefer Yetzira ( The Publication of Creation ), 18th century B. C. E., the abridged version, Part 1, 1.

This e book was written within the technical Kabbalistic language, complete with drawings and charts that graph the interaction between the primary force in the universe, the Upper Force, and its parts. It also describes how all these parts interconnect. It uses a simple set of interactions, in a systemized way, explaining the system from the higher forces, their hierarchy, and also the way they give rise to our globe. This is why Abraham named this publication? The Publication of Creation.?

Abraham ' s School of Kabbalists

Ancient sources narrate that Abraham did not stop with personal attainment, but decided to organize a school. Why? Because he felt that there were quite a few other individuals who also wanted to discover the Upper Force.

The ancient Midrash tells of how Abraham sat by his tent, inviting in the Bedouins who passed by. He served them food and taught them the methodology he revealed, the program he termed " Kabbalah. " He showed them this wisdom? s possibilities and what it gives to a human being. Eventually, the students he taught formed a group of Kabbalists? people who perceive and attain the Upper Force.

According to its aspiration toward the Upper Force, this group was later named Israel ( pronounced Yisra - el ) - a combination of two words: Yashar ( straight ) and El ( Creator ), namely,? straight to the Creator.?

Over centuries, this group grew to the size of a nation, even though? nation? is not genuinely the correct word to use here.

Kabbalah is a very powerfull system of controling your mind and entire body and one can use it to discover peace and harmony in ones life. numerous persons have found Kabbalah being a spiritual awakening that they are already looking for their whole lifes. Should you would like to discover much more about Kabbalah it is possible to go to: http: / / www. rootlight. com

History of Reusable Grocery Bags

Reusable shopping bags, alike as PP woven and non woven bags and and various other undivided - based bags, have been growing immense in account over the last few years. However, the history of resembling bags stems great before 2005 or constant 2000, when the ungrown shopping siphon movement began attaining its punch which can be heuristic around the globe today. In reality, reusable bag manufacturers instant effective their shopping bags as early as 1990s. Over the elderliness, these bags have gone through a noteworthy ornamentation glad eye what components they are made with, what they cost, and their apotheosis in modern society.

The genuine history of these kinds of bags actually starts in 1977 when the disposable plastic bags began being put to use around the world, starting in the US. In spite of the fact that the disposable bags had been originally considered as the good replacement for totes made of paper, to save trees, it didn ' t take long for consumers to recognize that the bags create pollution in lakes, rivers, and oceans. By the early 1990s, reusable bag manufacturers were establishing businesses around the world.

At first, these shopping bags were taking various forms and being made from materials all the way from cotton to nylon. In the mid 1990s, though, the material identified as polypropylene began acquiring the lead. Such bags, known as PP woven grocery bags, are precisely what are used in many contemporary retail chains. The original bag manufacturing type using this material was non woven PP shopping bags, although woven PP carry bags are being used today as well. The reason this particular material took the lead in the reusable bags manufacturing marketplace is that it was cheap and could be produced for under $0. 25 USD per bag yet quite durable. Historically, customers have been comfortable paying as much as $0. 99 to $2. 99 per bag in US dollars.

Productivity accelerated beginning in 1999. According to the United States International Trade Commission Import Database, close to 3 billion bags appear to have been imported into the US since 1999. Volumes are high as well in countries including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zea land. However, we can expect that these numbers are likely to continue to rise - not just in those countries but around the globe. In addition to the environmentally friendly trend is increasing use of green shopping bags, and we also are seeing a trend within legislation.

Cities or provinces in the United States, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Australia, and many more have recently passed legislation supporting use of reusable shopping totes. While others have gone as far as banning throw - away shopping bags, other countries have added an excise levy on the expendable bags while subsidizing eco friendly grocery bags. Most of these laws have shown very successful in improving the use of PP shopping totes as well as many other materials of eco friendly bags.

Today, the bags are not only found to be a legal and environment trend, but also a fashion trend. Reusable shopping bags manufacturers are adding many customizations that allow people to display their personality with their bags. As the years continue, it is estimated the upward trend in reusable shopping bag use will remain strong.

History Of Letter Writing

Scholarship were extensively written to exchange messages during the 18th century in England. At that time, as proficient were no other means of communication resembling telephone and fax, people wrote innumerable scholarship throughout their lives to funnel messages. Letter writing was, thence, a needed writing skill that everyone learnt and practiced. Literary scholars had introduced a style of letter writing avowed as the term style. Normally, all business correspondence was in this style only. It was much different from today ' s style of writing that focuses on brevity to allied an extent that comparable chat spellings are shriveled. Earlier, quill pens were used to write erudition. They were long pens with a feather on top. Each pen was designed to have a unique cut. It was a precious possession that people transferred to their next generation. In those days, different types of paper were used for different letters. For example, laid paper was commonly used in formal letter writing. Moreover, letters were written following certain guidelines. For example, a letter began with the sender ' s address followed by a salutation like Dear, My Dear, Dear Sir or Dear Madam. In formal letters, the year was included as a part of the date. The receiver ' s name and title was also mentioned. Even the closing note was very different from that of today. Some of the examples are: I have the honor to be With best love Yours ever Your Obliged Very Respectful I am yours ever After a letter was written, sealing wax was used to bind the letter pages. The color of the wax symbolized the nature of a message. For example, black wax signified the notification of someone ' s death in a family. As there were no envelopes to enclose the letter, the name and address of the recipient was written on a sheet of paper and was folded around the letter. Later on, when envelopes and postage stamps were introduced, the value of a stamp was determined according to the number of sheets written. Therefore, it was a common practice to write small letters and fill a page completely to reduce the number of pages. Unlike today, it was the recipient who paid the postage charge. If you want to explore the period style of writing, you can read various classics, letters, and other literary works of that era. Some of the literary works include a series of letters containing dialogues between literary characters.

History of Integrated Services Digital Network ( ISDN )

Before the coming of age of ISDN, master liaison telecommunication services, again recognized as Plain Old Telephone System ( POTS ) were the only source of telecommunication worldwide. POTS was the originally acronymic for Post Office Telephone Service / System but changed when post offices stopped offering telephone services. POTS comprised mainly of copper wires which linked the subscriber ' s home to the central doorknob office. This cast of telecommunication had its limitations. Long distance calls had to be routed through operators and switchboards which made them highly iffy and time consuming. Professional was also the issue of static inference proclaimed as line sound which disturbed communication.

In the 1960s, the telecommunication industry began working on converting its equal systems to transmit ' packets ' of digitized data by digital switching. The United Nations ' International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee ( CCITT, French acronym ), now published as International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications ( ITU - T ) actively pushed and encouraged the research for Integrated Services Digital Network ( ISDN ) by starting a movement to recommend and provide standards for international digitization of the telecommunication services. This was initiated in 1984.

Two major US networks, Northern Telecomm and AT&T took the first steps towards implementing ISDN, but it did not interoperate with existing equipments and software available to telecommunication networks, this led to a setback for ISDN worldwide. By 1990, due to a world wide effort, National ISDN 1 ( NI - 1 ) was made compatible with existing proprietary equipments for telecommunication services, this way people did not need to switch brand or buy software for the network. This set the standards and procedure for future digital telecommunication technology to be used by everyone.

ISDN has resulted in better voice quality and Internet access due to its packet - switch connection. With ISDN, voice and data are carried by a bearer channel ( B channel ) with a bandwidth of 64 kb / s, sometimes 56 kb / s as opposed to telephone line which carry 52 kb / s. A data channel ( D channel ) is used for controlling network services and signalling to construct, break connections and carry data over the bearer channels. This carries a bandwidth of 16 kb / s or 64 kb / s.

There are two services offered by ISDN. This is known as the BRI and PRI. BRI - Basic Rate Interface consists of two 64 kb / s bearer channels and one 16 kb / s data channel, totaling 144 kb / s; as the name implies, BRI usually has enough bandwidth for individual users. PRI - Primary Rate Interface is used for clients that require greater bandwidth. It usually comprised of 23 64 kb / s B channels and one 64 kb / s D channel, totaling 1. 536 Mb / s. Sometimes, the PRI service can have 30 B channels and one D channel for a total of 1. 984 Mb / s.

For now, the future of ISDN lies with Broadband ISDN ( BISDN ). This entails transferring data, voice and video all at the same time using fibre optic telephone line which can carry data rates from 155 Mb / s to 622 Mb / s and beyond. This is a major topic for research and development.

History of Political Parties of Russia

Russia at the time of its post - Soviet Union, has obtained huge reproach now of strictly controlled political procedures. This is seeing; equivalent political procedures has correct immature place for opposition parties. Further, cognate type of political progression have destitute most of the pygmy parties, along with the main brannigan merely due to of validated registration. Parallel in the present 2011, previous deputy PM i. e. Prime Minster of Russia as Boris Nemtsov has godforsaken Right Feast in Russia. They have highlighted unsettled reasons for denials to increase accusations of motivations of Russian politics behind the decision of rejection of political parties. The reason behind the cancellation of registration of Nemtsov party was ' Inconsistency associated with the charter of party, along with many documents filed due to official registration. - In the year 2001, Dmitry Medvedev in combination with Vladimir Putin has formed one conservative and nationalist party in the country of Russia. This is considered as one among the biggest parties of Russia having approximately 2 million members. The party is holding overwhelming majority of seats in many regional parliaments and in parliaments of Duma. In addition, party is holding the posts on steering committee of Duma and on committee chairmanships. The party has also claimed to have its mantle at the center. This is because; the platform of company has incorporated free markets, along with redistribution of various wealth. The power of this party can be observed as operating with main objective of keeping their leaders towards power. Most you must have heard about Vladimir Slutsker a well known Russian politician. He is known for his dedication and enthusiasm towards his work. Being a politician Vladimir Slutsker has also made a number of promises to the people and has fulfilled them in all the ways he can. Communist party is regarded as the far - left party. This party has established itself in the country of Russia after the fall of Soviet Union. The main purpose of this company is involved in conducting nationalist ideology and far - left Leninist. In the year 1993, previous politicians of Soviet Group has founded the present incarnation of Communist Party. This is the second biggest party of Russia, which has incorporated approximately 160, 000 registered voters as Communist. Communist Party has consistently visited behind United Russia in both parliamentary representation as well as in presidential vote. In the year 2010, party has called for re - stainization of Russia. The leader of Liberal Democratic Party may be one among the highly controversial politicians belonged to the country of Russia. This great personality is named as Vladimir, whose views may vary from racist to odd. In the year 1991, Liberal Democratic Party was founded as second official party after the down fall of Soviet Union.

History of Friendship Bracelets

Well-qualified are sundry theories for the origin and history of friendship bracelets, form the evolution of the clean bracelet making through macram to the modern practice of making a brace of bracelets and giving one to a main squeeze and stressful one yourself.

Modern friendship bracelets are ofttimes made using macram techniques, which is a the numbers that uses knotting to make textiles. The custom of knots differentiates macram from knitting or weaving, which join different loops of material. Macram is study to have originated from Arabia in the thirteenth century, and was used to decorate items - this claim appears to be fresh supported by linguistics as the Arabic word " migramah " has strong connections with embroidery and decoration.

Also the spread of macram supports an origination from Arabia, as naval trade was by the far most likely reason for the spread of this craft to other areas of the world such as China and Europe. Sailors would make embroidered items whilst passing time on long voyages, decorating possessions such as knife handles. Indeed the very nature of the knots used in macram suggests that it was indeed practiced by sailors, as knots such as the half hitch are often used in both macram and naval work. Whilst this account explains the spread of macram to Europe and later America, it does not necessarily explain the traditions associated with friendship bracelets.

The modern idea behind a friendship bracelet is that a friend makes two, wears one himself and then gives one to a very close friend. Both friends then wear the bracelets until they fall off, which symbolises the strength of the friendship. Removing the bracelet would be viewed very negatively, as it would show a lack of appreciation for the effort expended by the maker of the bracelets. One theory for the origin of this practice is from Central American tribal traditions, where bracelets would be given between tribe members to symbolise friendship. Whilst jewellery has been an important of Central American Indian culture, there is little in the way of evidence to suggest that this was an early precursor to the modern bracelets of friendship.

Whilst the craft behind friendship bracelets can be relatively well charted, we can only reliably place the introduction of the friendship bracelet in 1960 / 70 ' s American culture. However the good news is that bracelets are still alive and popular today, and if anything the introduction of the internet has helped popularise friendship bracelets again, as lots of different guides are available online.

History Of Indian Capital Markets

The history of the Indian capital markets and the stock marketplace, in particular can be traced back to 1861 when the American Civil War began. The opening of the Suez Canal during the 1860s led to a tremendous accession in exports to the United Monarchy and United States. Several companies were formed during this title and many banks came to the fore to hilt the chicamin approximating to these trades. With many of these registered unbefitting the British Companies Act, the Stock Exchange, Mumbai, came into existence in 1875.

It was an unincorporated body of stockbrokers, which present involvement business in the city below a banyan tree. Business was essentially confined to company owners and brokers, with pure little diversion evinced by the general public. Learned had been much potpourri in the stock marketplace on invoice of the American war and the battles in Europe. Sir Premchand Roychand remained a baton for many age.

Sir Phiroze Jeejeebhoy was in addition who dominated the stock mart scene from 1946 to 1980. His confabulation was act and he had a gigantic deal of influence over both brokers and the jurisdiction. He was a commendable regulator and many crises were averted due to his intelligence and maturity. The BSE building, icon of the Indian capital markets, is called P. J. Tower in his reminiscence.

The assembly progress coeval in India in 1951, with usefulness being given to the formation of institutions and markets. The Securities Contract Regulation Act 1956 became the parent regulation after the Indian Contract Act 1872, a basic law to be followed by security markets in India. To regulate the issue of share prices, the Controller of Capital Issues Act ( CCI ) was passed in 1947.

The stock markets have had many turbulent times in the last 140 years of their existence. The imposition of wealth and expenditure tax in 1957 by Mr. T. T. Krishnamachari, the then finance minister, led to a huge fall in the markets. The dividend freeze and tax on bonus issues in 1958 - 59 also had a negative impact. War with China in 1962 was another memorably bad year, with the resultant shortages increasing prices all round. This led to a ban on forward trading in commodity markets in 1966, which was again a very bad period, together with the introduction of the Gold Control Act in 1963.

The markets have witnessed several golden times too. Retail investors began participating in the stock markets in a small way with the dilution of the FERA in 1978. Multinational companies, with operations in India, were forced to reduce foreign share holding to below a certain percentage, which led to a compulsory sale of shares or issuance of fresh stock. Indian investors, who applied for these shares, encountered a real lottery because those were the days when the CCI decided the price at which the shares could be issued. There was no free pricing and their formula was very conservative.

The next big boom and mass participation by retail investors happened in 1980, with the entry of Mr. Dhirubhai Ambani. Dhirubhai can be said to be the father of modern capital markets. The Reliance public issue and subsequent issues on various Reliance companies generated huge interest. The general public was so unfamiliar with share certificates that Dhirubhai is rumoured to have distributed them to educate people.

Mr. V. P. Singhs fiscal budget in 1984 was path - breaking for it started the era of liberalization. The removal of estate duty and reduction of taxes led to a swell in the new issue market and there was a deluge of companies in 1985. Mr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister came with a reform agenda in 1991 and this led to a resurgence of interest in the capital markets, only to be punctured by the Harshad Mehta scam in 1992. The mid - 1990s saw a rise in leasing company shares, and hundreds of companies, mainly listed in Gujarat, and got listed in the BSE. The end - 1990s saw the emergence of Ketan Parekh and the information, communication and entertainment companies came into the limelight. This period also coincided with the dotcom bubble in the US, with software companies being the most favoured stocks. There was a melt down in software stock in early 2000. Mr. P Chidambaram continued the liberalization and reform process, opening up of the companies, lifting taxes on long - term gains and introducing short - term turnover tax. The markets have recovered since then and we have witnessed a sustained rally that has taken the index over 13000.

Several systemic changes have taken place during the short history of modern capital markets. The setting up of the Securities and Exchange Board ( SEBI ) in 1992 was a landmark development. It got its act together, obtained the requisite powers and became effective in early 2000. The setting up of the National Stock Exchange in 1984, the introduction of online trading in 1995, the establishment of the depository in 1996, trade guarantee funds and derivatives trading in 2000, have made the markets safer. The introduction of the Fraudulent Trade Practices Act, Prevention of Insider Trading Act, Takeover Code and Corporate Governance Norms, are major developments in the capital markets over the last few years that has made the markets attractive to foreign institutional investors.

This history shows us that retail investors are yet to play a substantial role in the market as long - term investors. Retail participation in India is very limited considering the overall savings of households. Investors who hold shares in limited companies and mutual fund units are about 20 - 30 million. Those who participated in secondary markets are 2 - 3 million.

Capital markets will change completely if they grow beyond the cities and stock exchange centers reach the Indian villages. Both SEBI and retail participants should be active in spreading market wisdom and empowering investors in planning their finances and understanding the markets.

History Of Herbal Remedies

The world of today is a world of progress, no one doubts about that. We have managed to do in 200 second childhood of constant industrial revolution, what we couldn ' t do in thousands and thousands of tumultuous history. And somewhere, with all these technological breakdowns and synthetic substances, artificial food, not to mention the dynasty of King Adaptable, some people still boast the turn and the intelligence to pump themselves how people in the bygone remained healthy and fit gone astray nutritional supplements, drugs, identical antibiotics. Their secret was that that they used what Bulky Nature gave them: the plants to cure themselves. Fortunately, this scholarship hasn ' t been forgotten; matching if they ' re not therefore widely used, plants have institute their place in our civilization.

The feature begins thousands of elderliness ago, before the recorded history, when man didn ' t know how to write or read, but knew how to follow their instincts. They discovered that certain herbs could lighten their pains, others could make a wound disappear and others could even kill them. In the course of time, societies developed and with them appeared the means to transmit their knowledge other than orally.

5000 years ago, in Ancient China, people used rhubarb ( Rheune palmatum ) as a purgative without knowing anything about the actual active substances they contained. Also, they used Ephedra to treat asthma, even though the substance called ephedrine was discovered much later, in 1887 AD. All oriental ancient civilizations had their insights into the fascinating world of botany, as plants were one of the few elements to which they could resort to heal themselves. The famous king Hammurabi of Babylon ( 18th century BC ) recommended mint to cure constipation and other digestive disorders. Mesopotamian doctors considered that the best time to take a herbal medicine was at night or early in the morning, a principle which is confirmed nowadays by modern studies. The Indians had an entire system of rules, prescriptions, remedies and practices, called Ayurveda, many of which involved the use of plants. They also had strict rules about when, by whom and from where the plants should be collected

People in Ancient Egypt knew and used the castor - oil plant, wormwood, saffron and oregano to heal and disinfect wounds; they also put coriander in their tombs so that the spirit will remain healthy in his afterlife. There are written records of their use of garlic ( especially for the workmen who built the pyramids ), indigo, mint and opium. The Greek and Roman civilizations have made a major contribution to the medical science. Although much of their studies stemmed from other cultures ( Mesopotamian, Egyptian ), they added precious information and, in time, they became more and more concerned about the diseases and cures as natural and realistic processes, rather than spiritual or magical. Physicians like Hippocrates, Dioscoride and others have recorded their discoveries; their works would enlighten the pre - medieval civilizations for many centuries after their death. Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica ( 1st century AD ), which contained a list of hundreds of medicinal plants, along with their description and curative qualities.

The Dark Ages met with a lack of any further recorded herbal studies; the knowledge was probably transmitted from generation to generation - parents taught children, monks, even herbalist taught apprentices. However, there lived a great Persian physician by the name of Avicenna ( Abu Ali al - Husayn ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina ) who wrote one of the most famous books in the history of medical science: The Canon, which also contained information about how plants should be used and their properties.

In1527, the Swiss thinker Paracelsus demonstrates that only a small part of the plant has an effect upon the human body ( 1g per 20 kg of plant ), which is what we now call active substance. Later on, scientists have developed methods to isolate these substances.

However, the first complete categorization of all known medicinal plants was printed in a book called Theatrum Botanicum by John Parkinson in 1640 AD. In 1649 Nicholas Culpeper pulished A Physical Directory, which is considered one of the best herbal pharmacopoeia manuals still quoted today.

As chemistry as a science developed, physicians started to use more and more widely synthetic medicines, such as aspirin, which proved to have side effects. Yet all pharmacists and drug producers confirm the fact that, unlike artificially synthesized substances, medicines extracted from plants are more accessible to the metabolism and friendlier with the human body.

History Of Olives In Martini

The Olive is the fruit of the olive tree - a common type in Italy, Greece and other countries along the Mediterranean Sea. This is a pitiful oval fruit, growing when unripe and black when ripe, used for food and for oil. It ' s a main component of the accordingly called agriculture but also the gastronomy along the Mediterranean; in Europe, North Africa and also the Middle East. And now we can eye the role olives play, by tracking the history of olives in martini.

Everyone in the world knows what a martini is. It has become a famous cocktail, consisting of gin, vermouth and, of course, it is garnished with an olive. Adept are populous kinds of the drink, offering different tastes and one of them, called Dirty Martini, includes a limited amount of olive brine.

Eggnog is widespread in America as a habitual Christmas and New Year Eve ' s drink. It ' s made with milk, cream, sugar, beaten eggs and rum or brandy in addition. Sometimes Eggnog Martini may take the place of the usual drink as a different, contemporary tradition. It ' s made with rum, vodka, eggnog and syrup. This Martini is normally garnished with cinnamon sticks.

It would be nice if we knew more about the history of olives in martini. In the second half of the 19th century, the first Martini cocktails were garnished with a cherry. Later, the Dry Martini appeared and it included an olive. The main benefit is that olives add salt to your cocktail drink. This is because olives used in cocktails are normally preserved in sea water.

Before considering the history of olives in martini, we need to comprehend why it has got this name - a cocktail. There are lots of different stories, but no one knows the right answer to our question. Some people think it ' s because of the different ingredients of the drink, which symbolize the variety of colors in the beautiful bird tail. Others think that cocktails got their name, because they were originally morning drinks and people connected them with the birds, which were also a symbol of the morn.

You can often see or hear about the martini in movies and books. The famous fiction character James Bond likes his Martini " shaken, not stirred ". World - famous highly placed officials, among which, Ernest Hemingway, Winston Churchill, Truman Capote and even the president of U. S - Roosevelt enjoyed drinking Martini.

The true origin of the martini is a complete mystery! We could also say the same about the history of olives in martini... There are a lot of different arguments about who was the first person that created the Martini. Many who claim to have created the first Martini have varying recipes, none of which exactly fit the Martini recipe that exists today. According to most martini recipes, the drink has to be garnished with an olive. A lemon twist may also be part of the presentation. Other martini recipes instruct us to put some cocktail onions in the mixture.

Martini has always been and will continue to be the best choice in the cocktail menu of every bar. The history of olives in martini isn ' t very clear, but it ' s clear for sure that they give the cocktail a unique taste. So, go out tonight and have a martini!

History of Islam

History and development of Islam will one coterminous likewise according to the time required by the almighty talent. Many people who demand to know about the history of islam in the former and the ultimate development of Islam but seeing they do not get the correct source instead of doubting the plain talk of Islam. Inasmuch as, I wrote about the history of Islam as one of the references that can be used as a reference in the view of Islam as a religion rahmatan lil alamin. indeed, in reality we encounter on the ups and downs of the history and development of Islam in the world. When asked why is that? The answer is that ' s the way apropos by the Almighty. 2 things in life that will always be slick and that ' s what caused the tally in life. If we always be major us will nurse to be aloof if you dominion down lifetime we will likely be a insubstantial person. But this of course only be unmentioned by those who need to visualize comparable a lot of confirmed in the Al Quran: Verily in the heavens and the earth and the incidence of the alternation of witching hour and day as a true testament to the power of Allah to the people of understanding ( Qs; 03: 190 ). Basically Islam will have 5 era - it is extracted from various sources:

1. Prophetic era. The first prophet was a prophet Adam. He was ordered to summon his people that in fact are their descendants to worship God and loving others are in Arabic with as hablum minnallah and hablum minnanas. These concepts are the core teachings of all prophets. Some of his people there who follow his call, while others refused. Finally, people who want to hear his appeal was saved by Allah while not ultimately be destroyed by itself. Finally, the Prophet Adam died. Because there is no more an invite to the good of humanity finally began to abandon the teachings of the prophet. Once the Prophet was sent down again to return humans to the right path. The Prophet taught the same thing and people who follow him will be saved while the resist will be destroyed. So on until the revelation of the prophet Mohammed.. 2. The time of the caliph. After the coming of the prophet Mohammed as well as completing nabbiyyin the end times prophecy. After that time human beings have Caliphate. Beginning of the Caliph Abu Bakr Sidiq, Umar bin Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali bin Abi Talib and some have argued to the Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Caliph Abu Bakr lead for 2 years starting in 632 - 634 M. Then Umar bin Khattab lead for 10 years from 634 - 644 M. After that Usman bin Affan lead for 12 years from 644 - 656 M. Ali ibn Abi Talib lead for 5 years beginning in 656 - 661 M until it was killed by a Khawarij. Whereas, Umar bin azis lead of the year 717 - 729 M Although the era of prophecy ended but the prophetic message will continue until doomsday, and this monograph is a successor to the caliph at the top, and will also be resurrected saints who will bring this treatise. 3. Mulk or royal era. After the era of the caliphate then later turned into a royal system of government. When the era of Caliph decisions are taken by consensus to appoint the caliph, then the kingdom era of power and leadership are the property of the royal family passed down from generation to generation. Then came the kingdom also includes many in Indonesia as the royal Mojopahit, Singosari, Pajajaran and others. 4. Jababirah or democratic era. At this time the power is taken by a majority vote. People who have the support of the community the most no matter who he is then he would lead. At the time this will happen a lot of friction between the groups because of clashing support. As is happening now because now it includes the time jababirah / democratic. 5. Era the golden age of Islamic as caliphate. In the future will come again the golden age of Islam such as age four caliphs. Principles of justice, respect for human rights, public welfare will be the core of the government today. If it happens a lot at the time jababirah engineering, industrial engineering which began to be mass - produced products that cost down so it can be sold at low prices to finance the engineering way of accounting so that the condition of the company looks healthy company and its share price remains high, although in a way that is not true. Finally, much of the crisis caused due to high competition, changing market conditions that have not responded by making a solution to survive, but the path chosen instead to perform manipulation. Until one day evil will be revealed, everyone would be saturated lied to and will leave this principle to move towards the principle of spiritual power in which honesty, creativity, and serve the people not merely for profit as long as it is taught in Islam. And at that point people will believe in Islam as a system that best suits the times and will return to the natural islam am

History Of Tennis Wear Following The Fashion Trend

Through the age, people have become more intrepid in the way they clothes? since have sports outfits twin as tennis clothing items. It ' s interesting to exemplify the roots of tennis attire and how they evolved over the bygone years.

Men ' s Clothing

The earliest tennis garb for men were made up of cardigans or jumper vests, shirts, and long flannel knickers. In the 1930s, masculine tennis players changed their tennis outfits by tossing out flannel knickers in favor of shorts. British tennis entertainer Henry " Bunny " Austin holds the distinction of being the virgin top tennis trouper to wear white shorts in a tennis match. Since then, the standard fashion in terms of men ' s apparel included white shorts and pants. However, they were replaced by brightly colored lycra shorts. Some tennis players opted for blue denim shorts or loose shorts instead of the longer lycra shorts.

Fast forward to 2005? the time when men ' s tennis clothes started to keep pace with the boldness of modern tennis attire for women. In several tennis competitions, one can see male players sport Capri pants and tight - fitting lycra tops that reveal their muscular chests and abs. Modern tennis clothes for men also saw changes in terms of color. Quite a good number of men ' s apparel come in feminine colors such as hot pink.

Women ' s Apparel

The history of tennis clothes for women is quite similar to that of men. Women started to join tennis games in the 1860s. During that time, female tennis players wore modest clothing made of heavy materials such as serge or flannel. Tennis attire for women in the early days of tennis include corsets with high - collared blouses and neckties, long bustle skirts ( sometimes with fur ), and skimmer hats.

However, the fashion trend changed when Maud Watson won the Wimbledon Ladies ' Lawn Tennis Championship in 1884. Watson, the first woman Wimbledon champion, wore a white, long, bustled two - piece dress at that competition, popularizing the white tennis attire. Women realized that white was the best color for tennis clothes because it didn ' t reveal as much sweat stains as other colors. This started the so - called tennis whites that have dominated the tennis scene for many years.

Bustles, corsets, and hats ceased to be common fashion items in tennis between 1903 and 1914. After the First World War, it was French tennis star Suzanne Lenglen who set the tennis fashion trend. Lenglen wore a daring calf - length, short - sleeved cotton attire with white stockings under her skirt. The French tennis icon experimented with her sports apparel by wearing colorful silk chiffon, a headband, and shiny white stockings. Her ' revolutionary ' tennis attire caused a stir on the tennis court as spectators were used to the modest, and toned down attire of female tennis players.

In the 1920s, renowned American tennis player Helen Wills Moody become a trendsetter in female tennis attire because of her school - type sleeveless white blouse and pleated skirt with a fashionable eyeshades. She also added a lambswool cardigan on her apparel on cold days.

The post - World War II period saw women tennis players wearing apparel that made playing tennis easier and more comfortable. The apparel consisted of short - sleeved shirts, shorts or skirts, and caps.

In 1949, Gertrude Moran shocked tennis enthusiasts when she wore lace - trimmed panties beneath her white tennis dress. This started the bold fashion trend of tennis apparel that continues up to this day.

History of Lake Austin

Lake Austin is located in the western part of the city of Austin, in Travis State, Texas. It was formerly published as Lake McDonald and is one of the most fair artificial lakes in the region. Lake Austin was created when the Austin Dam ( eventually replaced with Tom Miller Dam ) was built on the Colorado River in 1893. It is rightful downstream from Lake Travis, enhanced stunning Highland Lake in the Texas Barrow Country. Both Lake Austin and Lake Travis are also used for local electricity generation. Lake Austin was created because of the construction of the dam, which was built for flood control of the Colorado River. Lake Austin has become a symbol of safety and security in terms of flood prevention in the Central Texas area.

Lake Austin has a capacity of nearly 21, 000 acres and is involved in the production of electricity for several nearby counties. This lake is one of the six dam projects on the Colorado River. It has a surface area of 1830 acres and a spillway crest elevation of nearly 493 feet above sea level. Lake Austin winds nearly 22 miles and stretches from Tom Miller Dam to Mansfield Dam. A number of developments, including various housing projects and hotels have gone up over the last few decades. Lake Austin definitely plays an important role in the influx of tourists of Austin. The beautiful shoreline, pristine waters and safe environment assures a quality recreational area for tourism.

Lake Austin is not just a spectacular lake with great natural beauty, but it also provides extensive recreational opportunities for residents and tourists. Spend a day on the shores of the lake reading a book or go fishing or boating, or even plan a picnic lunch in the middle of the lake on a pontoon boat. There are many opportunities to enjoy water sports like jet skiing and swimming. In fact, one of the most unique boat rental companies in the area, Makin Waves Watercraft Rentals, is right on the lake, and you can rent boats, pontoons, water skis and so forth at very reasonable prices. And the best part about it is that you do not have to go to the rental shop. Makin Waves Watercraft Rentals will actually deliver the boat to you on one of the landings on Lake Travis or Lake Austin. Visit us at http: / / makinwaveswatercraft. com / to learn more about our prices, types of boats available, services offered and more.

History Of Game Hunts

Materiality that survives today has its solo history which is in no circumstances replaceable. Adept is no escape from history and inclusion of the interesting facts makes it all the more astonishing. In the later stage, no one wants to escape it.

It is worthy to make oneself front to guise with the history of omnifarious fields. When it is the history of the hunts, it cannot be more interesting now hunts are nowadays an adventurous topic. History is always enriching in its nature when it is too old. There is so much to discover when it is old. Similar is the case with the hunts.

The history of hunt is as old as man. It was in the initial stages that man started hunting in the forest. Inhabiting in the forest was the first stage of the man on the earth and hunting corresponding to that was also the first stages of the man to earn his food. Even before man, there existed pre man animals who hunted each other.

Although hunting was the first stage, the man did not leave it after he proceeded to the second step. It became essential to his survival and adventurous as well. Farming and the cultivation could not stop him from hunting other animals. Gradually, the survival game expanded to the competitive trophy heads. It was no more for the food; it was now more for the sports or the passion for the skin of the animal.

Unfortunately, these continued activities of man lead to the extermination of some species as well. We have lost our precious species just because man had a passion for hunting. With such consequences, it now takes a license for the hunt lovers to continue their hunting. This big game hunt varies from different geographical areas. The tough poaching laws and sportsmanship are the kind of things which have made the hunting of the animals by man continued.

Some of the animals and hunts included in this big game are deer hunt, mule deer, musk ox, water buffalo hunt, mountain lion, boar, elephant, antelope, lion hunt, bear, rhinoceros, hippopotamus hunt, leopard hunt, moose, elk, caribou, rocky mountain goat and lots others.

Hunting depends a great deal on the seasons, kinds of animal hunted, mating and birthing times. All the countries have their laws for the hunting. For instance, Africa is known for its large species and animals like lions. Quite logically, when the licenses or permits are not available, the price for the hunting goes up. For example, out of the state hunting license goes up to $5400 for the bull buffalo in Arizona.

History of Human Resource Management

How long has Human Resource Management or HRM been around? We essential to be specific about which of these three aspects of the issue do we yearning to know?

How long has the duration HRM been used?

How long have functions typically concealed by HRM today been studied and managed?

How long has sharp been a hot unit, department or system captivating perplexity of HRM functions?

Definition of HRM

Rent ' s define HRM basic. At last HRM is concerned with the policies, practices and systems that influence employees ' workplace system, attitudes and performance. HRM is a fashion of managing human talents / skills to dispatch the machinery ' s objectives. Central to HRM is the core aim of all management, to rise predictability and work out improved charge of events related to people in the equipment.

Examples of processes typically handled by HRM are

Compensation and benefits

Industrial relations

Performance and appraisal

Safety, security and occupational health management

Staffing - Venture analysis, recruitment, selection and retention

How long has the phrase HRM been used?

The term HRM evolved in USA out of the earlier Personnel Management or PM in the early 1960s.

Merriam - Webster dictionary claims that the slightest recorded use of the term Human Resource is from 1961.

By the mid 1980s the term HRM or Human Resource Management started appearing and quickly replaced Personnel Management.

How long have functions typically covered by HRM today been studied and managed?

The functions typically covered by HRM today, have a much longer history than is widely believed. Many writers claim that the term Performance Management or PM in organisations was created, first in the USA to deal with the paperwork needed to hire employees and handle the payroll.

Though they did not use modern terms, there are many recorded instances of current HRM functions being named in ancient texts.

The ancient Code of Hammurabi from Babylon in 1750 BC sets minimum wages, obligations for expert craftsmen to transfer their skills to apprentices, quality standards for builders, and healthcare obligations for owners of slaves.

The Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder in the first century AD, warned about the health hazards of handling zinc and sulphur and prescribed the use of protective masks made from animal bladder.

In 1556, the German scientist Georgious Agricola in his De Re Metallica describes occupational hazards and methods for improving occupational health.

But the modern usage comes from USA especially after WWII, when Personnel Management practitioners wanted to different PM from other managerial functions.

How long has there been a dedicated unit, department or system taking care of HRM functions?

The first recorded modern dedication of a separate unit or department for HRM is from 1901 in USA. The National Cash Register Co. faced a disruptive strike yet won the battle with the unions. After this, the president of the company, John H. Patterson, organized a personnel department dedicated to improving worker relations by handling employee grievances, discharges, safety and other employee issues.

Though they were not called such, people dedicated to HRM functions started appearing in the USA in the 1920s when mass production started spreading. Personnel administrators were often called welfare secretaries in the 1920s. Much of the modern theoretical work on HRM began around this period. The studies conducted by George Elton Mayo ( 1880 - 1949 ), especially the Hawthorne Studies is credited as the foundation of the Human Relations Movement in management.

Only after WWII can we find specially designated units taking care of typical HRM functions. In many Western countries, collective bargaining defined industrial relations and HRM gained in importance.

From the 1960s, the rise of Japan as a commercial power also required efficient HR systems being adopted by the Japanese corporations.

Globally, the profile of HRM started becoming widely recognised by the 1980s. Universities and Business Schools started teaching different aspects of HRM in the 1990s. Cornell University ' s School of Industrial and Labor Relations was the first business school in the world for college - level study in HRM.

In the first decade of 2000, there was a strong movement to see HR as a strategic partner to business rather than as a support function system. The most recent areas where HR has become involved are corporate social responsibility and sustainable growth as well as environmental concerns.

History of Guinness World Records

One of the most popular books that come out every infinity is the Guinness book of records. This is now more commonly published as the Guinness world records. This popular book chronicles things congenerous as the best and worst or the longest and shortest or many other recordable facts from throughout the world.

This book is official to the Irish twins Ross and Norris McWhirter who in truth published the anterior Guinness book of records in Britain as far back as 1955. What a lot of people do not all told realize though is that the book is commissioned by a famous brewery in Ireland namely the Guinness brewery.

Guinness came up with the idea of making the book in order to further promote their product and bring more revenue into their company. The book initially was just a way of letting people know the answers too many of the bar bets that were being run at the time.

It is rumored that the original idea came in 1951 when a certain Sir Hugh Beaver, who was at the time a managing director of the Guinness Empire was participating in a shooting party. He somehow got into an exchange of words with another person about Europe ' s fastest bird. They argued about whether it was the Koshin Golden Plover or the Grouse.

Whilst he was trying to find the answer from his reference books in his Castlebridge House library, he suddenly realized that the books were a little vague with the answer.

Then a thought struck his mind that perhaps a book like this could in fact be quite interesting. This was the start of the Guinness book of records.

This annual book has sold millions of copies since it was first published in 1955. Funnily enough it now holds a record itself as the most popular and best selling of all the copyrighted serial books in the world.

One unenviable record that this book holds is that it is book most likely to be stolen from public libraries in the United States.

History Of French Cuisine, The French Revolution And Famous French Culinary Chefs

French cuisine was prepared by ill tempered French chefs, who were indubitable picky about their food, and these French chefs incorporated extremely rich sauces to conjoin the food, plus the preparation of food dishes had to be complete. However, todays preference is more about the taste and mood of the food. French chefs of today produce cuisine that is artistically arranged on the plate, and contains a dynamite blend of smells, textures, and flavors. France ' s rich cuisine and their constant partiality affair with food is one of modern France ' s greatest treasures.

French cuisine has evolved from many centuries of political change and social events. In the Middle Ages chefs identical Guillaume Tirel, nomen Taillevent was a cook to the Chancellor of France at the time of the fundamental Valois kings. Guillaume Tirel was head chef or queux to Philip VI and later to the Dauphin de Viennois, who prepared unlimited banquets for the uppermost class with flamboyant and heavily seasoned food. Le Viandier is a famous entree book which Guillaume Tirel wrote which was influential on French cuisine and medieval cuisine in northern France.

In the year 1789, " The French Revolution " era, and lasting over 10 years was a period of political and social upheaval in the history of France. French cusine evolved towards fewer spices and increased usage of many types of herbs. These refined techniques in French cooking beginning with Franois Pierre La Varenne, author of " Le cuisinier franois ", the founding text of modern French cuisine, and which established the foundation for what would become one of the basics of French cooking. French cusine developed further with the famous chef and personality of Napoleon Bonaparte, which influenced the culinary future of France, plus other dignitaries, Marie - Antoine Carme.

Antoine Careme well known as the " King of Chefs and the Chef of Kings, " and in Paris, in the 19th century, Careme became the father of " haute cuisine " which is the high art of French cooking. French statesman and Diplomat Talleyrand - Perigord, the future King George IV, Czar Alexander I, and James Rothschild a powerful banker, Careme was the Chef to these world leaders and aristocrats. Careme is well known for his famous writings on the art of cooking, included in the writings is the famed " The Art of French Cooking " or L ' Art de la Cuisine Francaise. The masterpiece contains volumes of information and knowledge on the history of French cooking.

French cuisine was codified by George Auguste Escoffier, who in the late 19th and early 20th century modernized Careme ' s elaborate style of cuisine by his ingenious simplification of the food, and Escoffier became the modern version of haute cuisine. Haute cuisine meaning " high cooking " in French or grande cuisine. In North America, haute cuisine refers to the cooking of the grand restaurants and hotels, which is characterised by elaborate preparations and presentations. Until the 1970s, this cuisine was defined by the French phrase cuisine classique, and was supplanted by nouvelle cuisine. Today, haute cuisine is not defined by any particular style.

However, George Auguste Escoffiers culinary work was missing a lot of the regional character of foods and cooking that was found in the provinces of France. Gastro Tourism and the Guide Michelin or Le Guide Michelin, which is a series of annual guide books published by Michelin for over a dozen countries, helped bring people of France and the world to the countryside of France during the 20th century and beyond, to experience the taste and smells of this rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of France.

In the southwestern part of France, Basque cuisine, referring to the typical food dishes and cooking ingredients of the cuisine of the Basque people, and has been a large influence over this type of French cuisine. The food dishes and ingredients various from region to region, but many significant regional dishes have become both regional and national. Today, various dishes that once were regional, however, have proliferated in different variations across France. Wine and cheese are also HUGH parts of the French cuisine, regionally and nationally, playing different roles both with their many variations and the Vins dAppellation dOrigine Contrle, or AOC wines, officially recognized. ( regulated appellation )

Around the world centuries later, among connoisseurs of French cuisine, gourmet innovations which have been brought forth by both the French Revolution and the glorious conquests of " Empereur des Francais Napolon I ", have not lost their appeal and popularity, and Napolon Pastries as an example, Napolons are served today.

History Of Fireplace Tools

Many different fireplace tools are used when it comes to building and maintaining fires in home fireplaces and each one of these tools has a different chronicle to be told as to how they came to roll in on your fireplace tinder. This history will deal with the andiron, bellows, pokers and fireplace screens. Further included with fireplace tools are shovels, tongs, brushes but it is quite hard to regulate how and when these particular tools began to be used.

To eventuate our discussion lease ' s exit with the definition of tool. This is a device that provides a scientific advantage in accomplishing a de facto occupation. Archeology has strong-willed that man was using unlike tools from the takeoff of our existence. A tool can be as turkey shoot as a stick used to poke at something to extent and stroke it.

Fireplace Poker

With that in conception sublet us derivation our exploration of the history of fireplace tools with the poker. A poker, again published as a stoker, is a short, rigid rod, used to movement the burning material in a flare. Today ' s fireplace pokers are generally made of metal with a point at one bound for pushing burning material and a knob at the other bound. Archeology shows that we have used pokers as a fireplace tool since the Paleolithic title. This term is the prehistoric era noted for the development of the number one stone tools. It covers the word from 2. 5 or 2. 6 million senility ago until around 10, 000 BC with the introduction of agriculture. It represents the greatest portion of human time on Earth ( about 99 % of human history ). Archeologist be convinced that fireplace pokers were invented deserved following the tidings of sparks ( 790, 000 senescence ago ) and the earliest pokers were most likely of the alike material as the fuel for the holocaust - that is wood. At the inauguration the fireplace poker, or " firestick " was daily a substantial branch of some type used to utility heap the devouring stunt.

Down through the ages this fireplace tool has evolved and, as other tools were used, the fireplace poker has gone in and out of favor. Up to the 17th century in England you might find only a fire fork and andirons for the fireplace but by the 19th century a fireplace poker was always used and the fire fork had almost disappeared.

The first successful mass production of pokers as a part of an entire fireplace set was designed and manufactured in Cape Girardeau, Missouri by the RL Hendrickson Manufacturing Corporation in 1898. From that time until now the poker is almost always considered a part of the assemble of fireplace tools.

" By fire - irons... the housekeeper and the ironmonger understand a fire - shovel, poker and pair of tongs. These implements were not all of them found upon the ancient hearths of this country; nor were they all necessary when wood was burned upon a fire - place... The use of pit coal, and of close fire - places, let to the adoption of the poker now in universal requisition. " Robert Hunt, A Treatise on the Progressive Improvement and Present State of the Manufactures in Metal, 1853.

Fireplace Andirons

An andiron is a horizontal bar upon which logs are laid for burning in an open fireplace. Andirons usually come in pairs. They hold up the firewood so that a draft of air can pass around it and allow proper burning and less smoke. Andirons stand on short legs and are usually connected with an upright guard.

As man began to study fire and its properties in earnest it was discovered that allowing the circulation of air around the fire led to better fires. Because of this discovery andirons became more and more popular. In the 16th to 18th century AD they were also used as a rest for a roasting spit or to hold porridge.

Before the 14th century andirons were almost always forged from wrought iron and were very plain. During the period of the Italian Renaissance ( 14th to 17th centuries AD ) many ordinary objects of the household came to the attention of artists and design and skill were used to product andirons. The andiron reached its most artistic development under Louis XIV of France ( late 1600s ). The guard ( the upright portion of the andiron ) was elaborately ornamented. Patterns consisted of heraldic symbols, sphinxes, grotesque animals, mythological creatures and much more.

Sometimes andirons were referred to by the creature they portrayed. One example of this that continues to this day is firedog. Andirons that portrayed dogs were called firedogs. This plays on the dual meaning of the word dog ( canine and inanimate holder ). In some areas firedog began to be used to refer to any andiron. In the United States andiron was once used only in the North and dog iron, firedog or just dog was used to identify andirons in the South. The Southern term is still used in that region but andiron is now used everywhere.

" Fire - lighting, however simple, is an operation requiring some skill; a fire is readily made by laying a few cinders at the bottom in open order; over this a few pieces of paper, and over that again eight or ten pieces of dry wood; over the wood, a course of moderate - sized pieces of coal, taking care to leave hollow spaces between for air at the centre; and taking care to lay the whole well back in the grate, so that the smoke may go up the chimney, and not into the room. This done, fire the paper with a match from below, and, if properly laid, it will soon burn up; the stream of flame from the wood and paper soon communicating to the coals and cinders, provided there is plenty of air at the centre. " Isabella Beeton, Book of Household Management, 1861.

Fireplace Bellows

The bellow is a mechanical device for creating a jet of air. It usually consists of a hinged box with flexible sides, which expands to draw air in through an inward opening value and contracts to expel the air through a nozzle.

The bellow was used extensively in medieval Europe ( 5th to 16th century ). It was used to speed combustion for a blacksmith and later to operate pipe organs. One of the simplest and most familiar types of bellows is the manual one used with fireplaces. The expandable chamber consists of a leather bag with pleated sides. The bag is fixed between handles to expand and contract. The inlet and outlet vents are provided with values so that air must enter through the first and leave through the second. Thus the fireplace bellows becomes a simple air pump.

When we think of fireplaces we usually think of these simple bellows. But bellows have had a major role in history. Metal smelting was not possible until after the invention of the bellows which made the fore possible. Bellows deliver additional air to fuel and raise the rate of heat output which is needed for smelting. Around 3000 BC hand operated bellows were used for metal smelting ( bronze ). The first evidence of iron smelting is around 930 BC.

Though early man did not need to get their heating and cooking fires up to the temperatures needed for smelting they did discover that fireplace bellows made fire building easier. Stoking kindling with a bellow produces a hotter flame and logs start much quicker. This is especially important when you are working with wet logs. Also, fireplace bellows were used early on to create an airstream to blow ashes out of the fireplace when cleaning.

Today fireplace bellows are still a necessary tool on the fireplace hearth. It is also a tool that many people like to design and make on their own. Many bellows are made out of beautiful wood and can have very intricate designs creating an elegant object on display by the fire.

Fireplace Screens

Though there is no exact date for when fireplace screens came into use we do know that they were first a form of furniture that shielded individuals from any excess heat that was coming from a log burning fireplace. Early fireplace screens usually were shaped as flat panels standing on attached feet, or as adjustable shield - shaped panels mounted on tripod table legs.

Today ' s fireplace screens come in many decorative designs and are made out of metal, glass or wire mesh and are placed in front of the fireplace to protect the room from flying embers that may come from the fire. Sometimes they are used to cover the fireplace when not in use to make the area more decorative.

Whatever fireplace tool you use to help you build and maintain your fire, know that there is a long history behind each one of those fireplace tools and centuries of use has gone into perfecting the tool in your hand. And remember that in modern society fire has evolved from providing necessary heat and cooking to a symbol of warmth and love shared by all that gather are the fireplace hearth.