World - famous Puma Knives - Impressive History

Puma knives from Solingen, have an impressive history! Puma - Werk of Solingen, Germany, was the first in the moisten powered foundry plant of Johann Wilhelm Lauterjung objective on the banks of Wupper River. Lauterjung was able to register his very first trademark with the help of the Solingen Proficient Cutlers Guild way back in 1769. They were able to make swords, hunting knives, shears, razors, and other metal merchandise with the for - current technology of congenital sharpening stones and hydraulic thin power. Wherefore, in 1855, Nathaniel Lauterjung, great grandson of Johann Wilhelm Lauterjung, bought the company to the German town of Solingen in North Rhine - Westphalia. A few years later, Puma Knives began another factory to increase exports.

By 1900, the company was officially called " PUMA - Werk, Lauterjung und Sohn ". When World War II started, the factory was placed under the government to produce war supplies which lasted until the end of the war when the company returned to manufacturing civilian pocket and household knives. The company began to focus only in top quality fishing, outdoor and hunting knives when a certain Oswald von Frankenberg und Ludwigsor have joined the firm in the year 1953. He then worked with Germans and various nationalities in creating knives that have earned international awards and recognition.

One of the most famous hunting knives present on the market today is the Puma Universal Jagtaschenmesser, which was made with the cooperation with Puma Knives and the former head of the Rominten state hunting ground and also, the current President of the International Bloodhound Federation. Because of this, Puma Knives is currently focusing on the 5 categories of knives for the public; hunting, trekking, hunting folders, sporting folders, fishing knives, and accessories such as sheaths, sharpening stones and pouches. Puma Knives is famous for etching the name, number and year of the manufacture on the blade, which makes older knives as highly collectible items. Puma knives are known for being more expensive than the other brands, but it is due to the fact that they hand - make each blade and use only the highest grade steel and materials.

Two of the most famous Puma Knives brands include the Bowie and Damascus knives. The Bowie is 11 inches long with a 6 1 / 9 inch long blade. The elegant handle is stag horn and it has a single finger guard, very much like the traditional American frontier knives.

Yoga Has A Long History In America

It might surprise many people to learn that yoga has a long history in the United States. For a lot of Americans, their knowledge of yoga may solo date back to the 1960s, when the concepts of spiritualism and meditation were embraced by the countrys counterculture.

But it may surprise some nation to learn that yoga in the U. S. has a history that dates back to the delayed 1800s.

In 1883, Swami Vivekananda made an appearance at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago where he greeted his sisters and brothers of America, a salutation that brought a standing fear from the big meeting in attendance. His thought that all of the religions of the world are merely separate parts of a larger religion was a new concept to those fair treatment him speak about the soundness, body and spirit.

Swami Vivekananda was followed by Yogendra Mastamani, also from India, who arrived in the U. S. and pat on Long Island, N. Y. in 1919 and certified the American news of Kaivalyadhama, an Indian organization that made greater strides in the mechanical exploration of yoga. Mastamani introduced Hatha Yoga to the United States.

One year later, one of the most popular yogis of all time, Paramahansa Yogananda, arrived in Boston to introduce kriya yoga to the U. S. He created the Self - Eclat Collaboration, which now has its locus in Los Angeles. Yogananda also wrote the world - famous best seller, " Saga of a Yogi ", a book that is still an inspirational resource for many yoga instructors and students.

In the 1930s, Jiddu Krishnamurti brought the yogi to new level of awareness in the U. S. thanks to this popular, eloquent speeches on Jnana - Yoga yoga, which is the yoga of discernment. His talks earned him the admiration of a number of celebrities of the time, such as writers Aldous Huxley and George Bernard Shaw and actors Charlie Chaplin and Greta Garbo.

In 1924, the U. S. imposed a restriction on the number of Indians it would allow to move to the U. S., meaning students who sought the teachings of yogis had to travel to India. One of these students was Theos Bernard, who traveled to India and came back in 1947 to write the book " Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience ", an influential book which is still widely today.

The same year that Bernard penned his examination of Hatha Yoga, Russian - born yogi Indra Devi opened one of the first Hatha Yoga studios in Hollywood and earned the title First Lady of Yoga. Devi was admired by housewives across the U. S., as well as Hollywood stars such as Gloria Swanson, Jennifer Jones and Robert Ryan. Devi died in her home in Buenos Ares in 2002.

But the man who is generally credited with introducing yoga to middle America is not even a native of India. Richard Hittleman, who studied in India for a number of years and returned to the States in 1950 to become a yoga instructor in New York, introduced a non - spiritual - based yoga to the United States and forever changed the way yoga was thought of and taught in America. It was Hittleman who placed emphasis on the physical side of yoga, letting a Western audience focus on the bodily aspects of yoga and not just the mind. Hittleman ' s goal was to teach American students to gradually embrace the spiritual side of yoga, which many people have.

As Hittleman worked to expand yoga on the East, Walt and Magana Baptiste were working to increase yoga ' s scope on the West Coast when they open a studio in San Francisco in the 1950s. Both of the Baptistes were students of Yogananda and Walt brought the influence of Vivekananda to the practice, creating an entirely new approach to yoga. Their yoga influence is being continued by their daughter and son, Sherri and Baron.

Elsewhere in San Francisco, Swami Vishu - devananda immigrated from India in 1958 and created " The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga " with famed artist and designer Peter Max. The book has become a go - to manual for yoga instructors and students. Vishu - devananga would later go on to create the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta yoga centers, which has become one of most prominent yoga school franchises in the entire world.

When the counterculture began to take hold in the 1960s, the idea of yoga and its emotional effects caught the interest of many people, and one of the most famous groups to explore the meditative possibilities of yoga were The Beatles, whose relationship with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was famous around the world. He created the Transcendental Meditation school of yoga that today employs more than 40, 000 instructors and approximately 4 million followers worldwide.

In the late ' 60s, Professor Richard Albert of Harvard took a journey into India and came back with the name Ram Dass and gave talks to college students around the nation in support of his blockbuster book " Be Here Now ", which set thousands of young people on a journey of discovery through yoga. The book continues to be source of inspiration for many people in their quest for spirituality through yoga.

In the 1970s, yoga continued to grow as studios began popping up all over the nation. The Mount Madonna yoga school, founded by Baba Hari Dass, gave residential yoga to the inhabitants of Santa Cruz, California. Shrila Prabhubada began the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, which led to the international spiritual study of Bhakti Yoga. Ashtanga - vinyasa Yoga was brought to the U. S. by Pattabhi Jois in the mid ' 70s and made yoga popular with new groups of people. Swami Satchitananda was probably the most famous non - musician to appear at Woodstock. Swami Sivananda Radha is the female yogi credited with first investigating the link between the spirituality and psychology of yoga. And the teachings of Swamii Chidananda, who himself was a student of yoga master Swami Sivananda, were delivered to the world by one of his former students, instructor Liliias Folan through her landmark PBS television series " Lilias, Yoga and You " which aired on the network from 1970 to 1979 and made yoga available in every home in the U. S.

Yoga has continued its influence across America with classes and studios in cities all over, from the smallest town to the major metro areas. In addition, the advent of digital media, including CDs, DVDs and streaming Internet video, yoga can go anywhere, further giving it a foothold in the United States.

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Why Manchester United Is The World ' s Biggests Sports Franchise - A History Lesson

I was born in January 1960, less than two years nearest the calamity at Munich. The legends who wandering their lives that day should have been the first company I supported. I should have watched Tommy Taylor and Duncan Edwards in their prime, but like millions of others, I was robbed of that indulgence. This is however, not a story of maybes and what ifs, it is a unquestionable story about my love affair with Manchester United. My story obviously begins in the early sixties, when I prompt to play, timer and love football, but before I can broadcast it, I need to share a few facts and a little history.

Manchester United is the biggest football club in the world. In detail, they are by far the biggest sports franchise in the world. This has superior advantages, like the competence to sell wares all over the world, but it also has disadvantages like losing its identity as a local team. I personally will take the wealth, as long as it continues to be invested in the crew, but there is an air of pain when half the accents at Senile Trafford dont speak properly.

United have been champions of Europe three times and have won the Premiership ten times, more than anybody in addition by a country mile. They have also won more FA Cups than splinter other bunch and are the solitary English crew to be lucrative Champions of the world, and they have achieved this glory twice. United have the biggest club field in Britain, catch more than 76, 000 and this is way too puny for most games. Ive been disappointed so many times when Ive failed to get a ticket to a big game. Applications are ofttimes over - subscribed and the poll seems to skip my membership digit with glaring series. Ancient Trafford would succulent fill 100, 000 if there was a sensible way of expanding the lawns.

The current team is made up of millionaire superstars but this has not always been the case. In detail, they have not always been called Manchester United. Surprisingly, they have not always played in the famous blush shirts either; their first tools was green and gold, reflecting the colours of the industrial company where it all began in a suburb of Manchester. In the nineteenth century, Manchester was the heartbeat of England. The industrial revolution was born in Manchester and it was the most productive industrial city in the world. Manchester was also the birthplace of the railway.

In 1878, a group of football mad railway workers created their own football club. They were called, Newton Heath L. Y. R. ( Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ). Newton Heath was denied entry into the Football League on several occasions and because of the lack of ability to take on the wealthy teams of the day, they struggled financially. Like so many twists and turns in the United legend, this adversity led to opportunity and the birth of success. Club Captain Henry Stafford took his St Bernard dog to a fund raising event for the ailing club. The event itself barely broke even, and worst still, the dog went missing. A few days later the dog was discovered at the home of local brewer and wealthy businessman, Henry Davies. When Davies, a rugby and bowls fan, met with Henry Stafford, he was intrigued by the clubs story and bought them, injecting much needed cash. Like many a traveler on his last legs, Newton Heath had been saved by a St Bernard dog.

Henry Davies also moved the club to a new ground at Bank Street in Clayton. This was three miles away from the railway works at Newton Heath and closer to Manchester city centre. He decided to change the name of the club and after much soul searching the names of Manchester Central and Manchester Celtic were both turned down ( thankfully ) and Manchester United was born in 1902. Within two seasons United were promoted to the First Division ( the premier league of its day ) and in 1908, United won its first league title, now playing in the famous red shirts.

United were also moving forward off the pitch as well. In 1910, they moved from their old Bank Street Stadium to a new purpose built ground at Old Trafford. It was just in the nick of time. Two days after moving to Old Trafford, strong winds blew down the main wooden stand at Bank Street. Even in the early days, the fortunes of Manchester United would have made an Oscar winning Hollywood script.

When Old Trafford was opened on February 19th 1910 it was described as the best football stadium in the world. ( It is remarkable how a century later it is still regarded as one of the best football stadiums in the world. ) The cost of the 1910 version seems modest today but it was a small fortune of 60, 000 pounds at the time, with a capacity of 80, 000.

During the Second World War, the Luftwaffe added their bit of history to the legend by bombing the ground. It was 1949 before it re - opened; looking exactly the same as it had before the bombing. In 1950, a roof was added to the famous Stretford End which packed in 20, 000 fanatical United supporters. When floodlights were installed in the late 1950s, Bobby Charlton recalled that thousands of fans were congregated outside the ground before the season had started. They just wanted to be part of the story and witness the floodlights for the first time. United has always had that type of support.

The teams fortunes were up and down throughout the 1920s and 1930s, mainly down. In 1930 they made their worst ever start to a season, losing their first twelve games, and we thought the seventies were bleak! It was in 1945 that Matt Busby joined United, having turned down Liverpool. Matt was still at the helm of the club twenty five years later.

Busbys impact was immediate, leading the team to second place in four out of five years before eventually winning the championship for the third time in the clubs history in 1952. This was the end of one era and the start of the most legendary period in the history of sport, the birth of the famous Busby Babes. The Babes redefined football, winning successive championships in 1956 and 1957.

Most of the Busby Babes had graduated through the ranks, starting with the youth team. Matt decided that although they were incredibly young, he could not leave them out of the first team. The average age of the team that won the championship in 1956 was just 22. The following year, they won it again with a teenager called Bobby Charlton now in the team. The team had eleven stars but the two stand outs were Duncan Edwards and Tommy Taylor, possibly the best two players in the world at that time. Tommy was signed from Barnsley and scored an amazing 131 goals in just 191 games. Duncan is still revered by those lucky enough to see him play as the greatest player of all time.

In 1958, United were going after their third title in a row and at the beginning of February went to Arsenal, winning 5 - 4 in what has since been described as the greatest game ever. Of course, it was completely overshadowed by what happened just a few days later. Having triumphantly knocked out Red Star Belgrade on their way to the European Cup semi final; disaster struck. After refueling at Munich airport, the plane crashed at just after 3 oclock on February 6th. Twenty one people died, including seven players, David Pegg, Liam Whelan, Eddie Colman, Roger Byrne, Geoff Bent, Tommy Taylor and Mark Jones. Fifteen days later, the great Duncan Edwards joined them in heaven, dying from his wounds. The Busby Babes were cut down before theyd even reached their prime. I still cry when I watch the Path News report of the day. The best way I can think to describe the feelings of the nation came by way of an anonymous poem, The Flowers of Manchester first published in folk magazine Sing and later attributed to editor Eric Winter after his death. There is an amazing a cappella song version by Mick Groves of the Spinners folk group. Mick, a fellow Salford lad, claims his proudest ever moment was when he sang it quietly to Matt Busby and Louis Edwards ( then chairman of United ). Micks song can be found easily on the internet and if you havent heard it, make sure you have a box of tissues handy. Here are those amazing words.

The Flowers of Manchester

One cold and bitter Thursday in Munich, Germany,

Eight great football stalwarts conceded victory,

Eight men will never play again who met destruction there,

The flowers of English football, the flowers of Manchester

Matt Busby ' s boys were flying, returning from Belgrade,

This great United family, all masters of their trade,

The pilot of the aircraft, the skipper Captain Thain,

Three times they tried to take off and twice turned back again.

The third time down the runaway disaster followed close,

There was slush upon that runaway and the aircraft never rose,

It ploughed into the marshy ground, it broke, it overturned.

And eight of the team were killed as the blazing wreckage burned.

Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor who were capped for England ' s side.

And Ireland ' s Billy Whelan and England ' s Geoff Bent died,

Mark Jones and Eddie Colman, and David Pegg also,

They all lost their lives as it ploughed on through the snow.

Big Duncan he went too, with an injury to his brain,

And Ireland ' s brave Jack Blanchflower will never play again,

The great Matt Busby lay there, the father of his team

Three long months passed by before he saw his team again.

The trainer, coach and secretary, and a member of the crew,

Also eight sporting journalists who with United flew,

and one of them Big Swifty, who we will ne ' er forget,

the finest English ' keeper that ever graced the net.

Oh, England ' s finest football team its record truly great,

its proud successes mocked by a cruel turn of fate.

Eight men will never play again, who met destruction there,

the flowers of English football, the flowers of Manchester.

This all happened two years before my birth in January 1960, and some fifty years later we still remember them. I have been the lead singer in many bands over the years and on several occasions tried to sing The Flowers of Manchester but I can never get through it without breaking down. God bless the Busby Babes.

This article is abridged from Robert Carters book - ' From Salford to Tucson and Back Again, The Globetrotting Memoirs of a Manchester United Fanatic '

Why We Really Like The Emperor Kang - si Sword

One motive to like the Emperor KangSi Sword is whereas it makes for a great display piece and for many, a great addition or the start of a sword collecting absorption.

Why Would Anyone Collect Swords?

Collecting swords like collecting history. Many effigy swords today are modeled attached weapons that appeared throughout history and in the position of the Emperor KangSi Sword, creation of this weapon honors a convincing person in Chinese history if not world history fully.

Most modern day mortals are touched by swords and through collection of swords persons can accrual a greater understanding of history since the swordplay see significant role throughout thousands of years of mankind ' s evolution. However, although you may want to start with this selection of a sword, take the time to read below to gain a basic knowledge of what is available in the field of sword weapons.

Brief Sword History

Swords of been around since at least 2000 BC. Since these weapons been around since the Bronze Age, the collection of historical swords allows you to pick and choose from almost every era of recorded time. Although the actual discovery of ancient swords may be difficult and if possible cost prohibitive, or many fine replica swords produced today that would make worthy additions to any collection.

There are many periods throughout history that may have an appeal to certain collectors such as Chinese swords as represented by the product we are describing here. Dealing with antique weapons does require a great deal of available cash while many collectors except well made replicas as valued substitutions for the original item.

However, if you are a newcomer to collecting swords and are looking for originals beware of the fact that there are many scams perpetrated upon unknowing collectors by people trying to pass off replicas is the real thing. In the event that you are looking to become a collector of fantasy swords, such as the ones created in depicted in fantasy fiction like the Lord of the Rings, you will definitely be looking at replicated items that mimic the ones used in, or described in, fantasy fiction vehicles including books, movies and game videos.

Caring for the Collection

Whether you decide to invest in real historical swords, or value made replicas or perhaps fantasy models, you are going to need to keep your collection in as safe and secure an environment as possible. It is highly recommended that swords be displayed in the case where both the humidity and temperature can be controlled.

This may not be realistic for many people, but, if you do not live in a portable world that has high humidity, mounting swords on the wall can be a great way for displaying your collection. Purchase of the Emperor KangSi Sword comes with a beautiful black lacquered wooden stand to present your sword so it can be laid upon a counter or take the like support.

The sword has an overall length of 21 inches with a 20 inch blade length. The blade is 440 stainless steel which is 3 / 16 of an inch thick. Insert this weapon into an wood scabbard of imitation snakeskin complete with cast metal fittings.

A Brief History Of Pbx

Business telephone systems have been a long time in their development to where they are today, developing from unmistakable solution systems requiring involved phone commodities to virtual PBX ( private branch exchange ) existing in cyberspace and functioning in tie with a companys existing data transfer.

Some of the original popular phone systems were the 1A2 Key System. These varied well and had a firm grasp on the market for many oldness around the 1950s. The KSU ( Answer Service Unit ) acted as a central qualification unit and calls were redirected from efficient via a veritable mechanism contained in the phone. This permitted bottom line jibing as intercom services and grasp constitution with music. These manageable being could be achieved on a line by line basis by hardwiring a backplane into the central management unit. A headlight quality for each line allowed users to briskly nail down the level of all phone lines accessed by their phone.

PBX was first used to describe such key systems where switchboards were run by hand. PBX gradually started to use automated systems instead of operators. As this became more common, the terms PABX ( private automatic branch exchange ) and PMBX ( private manual branch exchange ) came about to differentiate between the two systems. EPABX ( electronic private automatic branch exchange ) was also used to describe various digital systems.

One of the main reasons for such systems was to reduce the cost of internal calls, since calls could be made over the private branch and not incur local call costs. As the systems developed, other features such as extension dialling, call forwarding and various forms of line hunting became available.

The next major development was with the rise of data networks and the internet. Since many companies already had packet switch networks due to the need for data transfer, it became viable to use a phone line over their existing data connection and hence VoIP ( Voice over Internet protocol ) came about. Far from perfect, VoIP to this day can still have issues with latency and power cuts which can render it inoperable.

VoIPs main advantage, however, was its cost. This is due to the way data is charged compared to standard phone connections. Typically, a phone connection is charged on a connection time basis, so there is a charge regardless of data transfer. Packet switching connections, however, tend to charge based on the number of packets ( or amount of data ) being transferred, which, even under high load, tends to result in much lower costs.

Since many systems were now operating via data connections, it was recognised that many companies didnt have requirements for large in - house PBX systems, and as such, hosted PBX came about. A hosted PBX system is a service whereby the phone system is a service and requires no capital investment in the hardware needed to run it. This is particularly advantageous for smaller companies in several ways; often such systems are very easily scalable. With hosted systems, companies can simply increase or decrease their contract instead of buying a system which is larger than their needs and paying a large amount of capital or later having to expand their system in house.

Thus PBX is a term with a myriad of meanings. Having started as manually operated switchboards and going through several phases of development to modern day telephone systems, the term is now used to describe many complex telephone systems, where often there is in fact no private branch, and no exchange.

A Brief History of Conflict

Conflict is and has always been an prime part of human civilisation. In the early days of the human relay, conflict was mainly centered on access to significant resources cognate as sources of food and members of the contradiction sex. In some ways, little has changed.

What has changed is the unfluctuating of sophistication of human societies, and along with that, the nature of the ' integral resources ' over which we compete. Whilst some sources of conflict may never change - sexual competition springs to understanding - others are becoming less and less important throughout the developed world. Unfortunately, new reasons for conflict are settle all the time, and one of the biggest of the modern age is access to infrastructure ( identical as telecommunications and education services ).

Uncolored as conflict has been instrumental in shaping the course of the world as we know it, so too has conflict resolution. Human beings are naturally sociable creatures, and as much as we battle amongst ourselves for supremacy and status, we share a fundamental desire to live harmoniously with one another. The ability to communicate complex ideas and act as a unit is a large part of what separates us from other animals. To ensure that the human race reaps the rewards of teamwork, compromise has been a long - standing feature of the social enterprise of humanity.

Conflict resolution has taken as many different forms as conflict itself. Common approaches to conflict resolution include negotiation, mediation, diplomacy, and creative peace building. As social - scientific enterprise, there are a number of different theories and models that underpin conflict resolution, but the important point is that any measure taken to ameliorate a dispute qualifies. Whether that measure takes the form of a bunch of flowers bought for an offended spouse or a large - scale international mediation during sectarian violence, it may help to resolve a conflict and therefore it qualifies.

In business terms, conflict resolution is generally synonymous with mediation. When an agency advertises conflict resolution services, it is usually offering the services of an independent and impartial mediator to help resolve a dispute in the workplace. Mediation in the workplace is increasingly seen as a preferable alternative to formal court proceedings, for example tribunals, in cases where disputes arise between the employees of a business. Advantages of mediation over tribunals include the collaborative and relatively discrete nature of the workplace mediation process.

No matter what the context, conflict resolution is a positive undertaking and reflects the better nature of human beings. It is important for both individuals and organisations to develop the skills associated with dispute resolution - doing so can only help to enrich and deepen our experiences of the world around us whilst helping to build a better world for the future.

A Brief History of Online Gambling

Gambling is one of the oldest forms of entertainment. Humans have been casting dice, betting on the outcome of races or fights, playing cards and other tried and regular gambling activities for as long as civilization has existed. In the technique, gambling has become a valid multicultural animation. The games that we play have evolved from games of chance that developed all across the world: Keno has its origins in China, term Craps, Roulette and Blackjack originated in Western Europe. Dice were vacated from the ruins of Pompeii, ticks in the United States national lotteries were used to finance the Continental Myriad that faced the British armies in the Revolutionary War.

Trained have been times throughout history when gambling has been outlawed. Recurrently it ' s a proceeds of religious or societal upheaval ( selfsame as the evangelical movement that pushed to have US lotteries outlawed hard by the Civil War ). England ' s Henry VIII enjoyed gambling immensely, but when he fix out that some of his soldiers were spending more time throwing dice than practicing with their weapons, he outlawed gambling in England in the 14th century. Whenever and wherever gambling has been outlawed, it ' s always made a taunt and has eventually been legalised also. Overmuch many people revel in the stimulate that comes from wagering money.

The former 20 years have seen a - golden age - in gambling across much of the world thanks to the emergence of the online casino. When the public enthusiastically adopted the Internet, the web and the personal computer, the future of gambling was decided. By moving gambling to online casinos, players could access the games they wanted to play wherever and whenever they wished; there was no travel to a physical casino and no operating hours to worry about.

From an operational standpoint it was far easier to provide a high quality experience online than to build a physical casino. While a casino like GrandWest in Cape Town is wonderful facility that boasts 2, 500 slot machines, its estimated to have cost over R1billion to build - and that was a decade ago. Building and operating casinos, horse tracks and other gambling facilities is expensive, requires huge swaths of land and when completed, these facilities only serve a limited geographic area. Someone living in Douglas is not going to simply hop in their car and drive to Cape Town after work for an hour of fun.

Online casinos erase geographical limitations while eliminating the massive capital expenditure required building and operating a physical facility. With lower operating costs, many online gambling sites offer players a more attractive house advantage, while the processing power of modern personal computers means that virtually any casino game can be accurately replicated as a digital playing experience: almost like a video game.

Online gambling had its first start in 1994, with the launch of MicroGaming, the world ' s first online gambling software developer. Others quickly followed and the industry took off through the 1990s, despite the rudimentary computers, slow network speeds and lack of homes with web access. The lure of being able to play a challenging game on demand was great enough to overcome these early challenges. By 2000, there were 700 web - based casinos in operation, taking bets from players worldwide.

As online gambling grew in popularity, some very large numbers began to emerge. In 2005, a player in Florida won $US 2 million playing a progressive slot game through an online casino. The number of operational online casinos multiplied into the thousands, with annual revenues estimated in the $US 50 billion range. High speed networks, widespread internet access and powerful computers have meant the gaming experience has become life like and more compelling than ever.

When it comes to gambling, South Africans are big fans. In fact, a recent Global Gaming Outlook report put South Africa third in the world ( behind only Germany and France ) for the value of its casino market. South Africa also has its own online casinos, websites developed specifically to appeal to gamblers in this country that offer gaming anytime, anywhere. Look for one that offers compelling promotions ( offers like R100 free for registering an account, or cashback offers are good signs ), variety ( 250 games or more is a premium website ) and a range of banking options such as Visa, Mastercard, Skrill and Neteller. Live support with chat is an added bonus ensuring players always get the most out of their experience.

Adam Rane writes about gambling and games of chance from his home in Pretoria. He has published articles on everything from on - track horse betting to the South African National Lottery and the growing popularity of Online Casinos. Adam feels that online gambling is the future due to convenience, ease of use, customization by market and the lack of need for extensive ( and expensive ) physical facilities to house the games.

A Brief History Of The Celtic Cross

A Brief History Of The Celtic Cross

Emerging in roughly the 5th Century, the Celtic cross is an enduring symbol marking both cultural singularity and religious faith. Adopted by Protestants and Catholics alike as a symbol of Christ - consciousness, the Celtic cross further has broad significance as a tag of cultural ego and heritage. Though legends arise concerning its origins, no factual historical log is available to place the Celtic cross in a specific time, location, or as originating from a particular craftsman.

The unexplained origins of the Celtic cross match the universality of the symbol. Alike other cipher that unqualified something essential and cosmic about our human sense, it emerged mysteriously. What is recognized is that the Celtic cross has been the presiding religious and cultural symbol in the islands around Britain for centuries, capturing something unique to Celtic - influenced Christianity and culture.

Professional are two immediate distinctions in which the Celtic cross differs from the Latin cross. The beginning is the inclusion of loop work motifs. Knots are light of geometric shapes which have low symbolic significance. Flowing, elegant knot work is suggestive of plants and rivers.

In the broadest sense, the knots themselves substitute how all actions are interconnected in a gigantic web of life. Archaeologists and art historians have long puzzled over the meaning of Celtic knot work, attempting to find a translation system so that various designs could be understood as having explicit meaning. The consensus among many academics now is that, if the designs ever did stand for something, that meaning has been lost.

The second distinction is the inclusion of the circle, centered on the intersection of the vertical and horizontal arms of the Latin Cross. Indeed, one of the most ancient and universal symbols in the history of the human race is a cross of equal arms inscribed in a circle. This figure, called a Solar Cross or Wheel Cross, is found in Paleolithic rock art around the world, and is clearly prehistoric. The Solar Cross is a symbol for the Sun, time and movement. The solstices and equinoxes mark the four parts of the solar year and the four directions.

Inevitably, when Romans brought the Christian symbol of the Latin Cross to the British Isles, the Celtic symbol for the Sun and the knot work motifs were fused with the new religion. The circle itself is one of the most visible blueprints in the universe, representing, among many thing, equality, boundaries and relationship to the whole. This fusion can be viewed as a redemption of pagan sun worship through the agency of Christianity, or an amplification of Christianity through the incorporation of pre - Christian symbols and beliefs.

The Latin Cross itself, with its vertical arm longer by roughly 1 / 3 than its horizontal arm, has both explicit and symbolic meaning. Explicitly, of course, the Latin Cross is a reminder of the crucifixion of Jesus, the sacrifice which for Christians marks the turning point of history. It also commemorates the event of the resurrection, the promise of eternal life made possible by the crucifixion.

More esoterically, the Latin Cross symbolizes the whole of Jesus ' life, from incarnation to resurrection, as the union of the divine fused with vulnerable humanity. This is seen in the intersection of the vertical aspect, that which connects heaven and earth, and the horizontal aspect, the linearity of time ' s passage and the physical plane. Symbols with a strong vertical element suggest states of changeless being, and symbols with a horizontal aspect suggest the unfolding of time and the necessities of space.

The cross unifies the two fundamental states of being and becoming, although their intersection at right angles suggests ongoing tensions. The stress on the vertical direction perhaps displays the Christian emphasis on the ascent to heaven, in a direction away from earth and the profane. Yet the adoption of the Latin Cross as a symbol for Christianity also roughly corresponds to the ideal of human intelligence as the pinnacle of creation.

The Celtic cross places the ancient sun - symbol and intricate knot work elegantly around this point of intersection, as if to bring wholeness and a sense of resolution to the starkness of the Latin Cross. The divinity of the cosmos is included by this simple circle, and the idea of a unification of opposites in balance is conveyed. Sometimes seen as a halo, sometimes as the timelessness of eternal life, sometimes as an exaltation of ancient pagan symbolism, this circle and knot work adds mystery and beauty to a universal, numinous symbol.

A Brief History Of Martin Luther King Day

King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Ga. He graduated from Morehouse College in 1948, from Crozer Scriptual Seminary in 1951 and Boston University in 1955 with a Doctor of Philosophy. King married Coretta Scott in 1953 and the couple raised four children.

Kings chief mental state was that of a nonviolent civil rights movement, which successfully protested racial ingenuity in civic and state regulation.

In 1955 King led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In 1957 he co - founded the Southern Christian Management Talk. In 1963 Kings efforts led to the 1963 Parade on Washington, in which he delivered his now - famous I Have a Dream speech, one of the greatest speeches in American history.

King is the youngest person to receive the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize. He received the award in 1964 for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through non - violent means. King also worked on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War. Read more about Kings philosophies, work and influence in magazines like Vibe, Essence, American Legacy and Atlanta Tribune: The Magazine.

On March 29, 1968 King was in Memphis, Tenn. to attend a rally for black sanitation workers represented by AFSCME who had been on strike for better wages and treatment. King spoke at the rally on April 3 with his Ive Been to the Mountaintop speech, which would be the last of his career. The next evening King was shot while he stood on the balcony of the Loraine Motel; he died an hour later at St. Josephs Hosptial after emergency surgery was performed.

In response to Kings assassination many riots took place in more than 100 cities. Presidential nominee Robert Kennedy pleaded with King supporters to continue the late activists lead by adhering to non - violence. In 1969 James Earl Ray pleaded guilty to murdering King but after being sentenced to a 99 - year sentence recanted and spent the rest of his life trying to get a trial. There have been many conspiracy theories on the murder of King. Read more about the many conspiracy theories in magazines like Time and The Economist.

King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004. Though a campaign for a federal holiday in Kings honor began shortly after his assassination, it wasnt until 1983 that President Ronald Regan signed the holiday into law; the holiday was first observed in 1986. It was another 20 years, in 2006, before all 50 states officially observed the holiday for the first time.

A Brief History Of Dentures - The Development Of False Teeth

Many people fail to realize blameless how long mankind has been using dentures, or false teeth, to hand supersede teeth that have been lacking and damage. In ancient cultures, one of the primary causes for the wont of dentures was for function. However, expert were also a number of ancient people that used dentures to come from their lacking teeth as a symbol of their wealth, since missing teeth often denoted poverty.

Some of the earliest forms of false teeth can be dated back to at least 700 B. C., and there is strong scientific evidence that mankind was using some form of dentures even before then. These dentures were made from a myriad of materials, including bone, ivory, porcelain, and even real human teeth. Many of these forms of materials were unable to work very well as dentures, and for a long time, porcelain dentures were the best option that you had available if you wanted to replace lost teeth.

While porcelain dentures served their purpose at the time, there were far too many downsides to using them, so a number of other options have been developed, which helped scientists and manufactures develop the more modern and effective dentures that we have today. Modern technology has allowed us to develop dentures from a number of synthetic materials, which are not only more effective and durable, but also provide a more natural looking prosthetic tooth.

While the art of cosmetic dentistry has come a long way, we owe a great deal to our ancestors and the developments they made to provide themselves with a functioning and aesthetically pleasing set of teeth. If not for their early, albeit primitive, methods of manufacturing prosthetic teeth, we may not be where we are today, with everyone having the opportunity for a healthy and beautiful looking smile.

A Brief History Of Architectural Model Making

The architectural model has been with persons since the inception of the recorded talk. A brief history of architectural model making would literally span from the presentation of history to present. Many of the tremendous architectural and military monuments that people receipts delight in today were once unpretentious scale designs.

In many ways, wily on a pitiful scale primeval proved most cost efficacious. Designers could improve upon the architectural design wandering having an unnecessary expenditure of valuable resources. This was effective in the design of military battlements, fortresses, weapons such as the large catapult, monuments and buildings or building like structures.

Like today, architectural models were meant to present a design so that it could be reviewed and approved. Funding in ancient times also relied on having a worthy architectural model. When this was in place, it could be appraised and ideally, financed.

Leonardo DaVinci was fond of scale models and used these to display his newest ideas. It was far easier for him to present his brainstorms to a layman audience with a miniature, working 3D model. This was also a way for him to prove to employers that he was fastidiously working on solutions for their hired out problems.

The architectural model has evolved based upon the needs of man and the availability and affordability of materials. When plastics became popular and cheap, new simpler method and more easily manipulated materials were used. Now, 3D software makes it possible to construct and accurate architectural model, without the use of any physical resources, save IT equipment.

A brief history in architectural model making will reveal that the architectural model has always served the same purpose. It is a key visual tool in bringing the design to possible financial backers. It has been this same even in the farthest reaches of history. The architectural model has been and will continue to be the first solid presentation of worthy designs.

A Brief History Of Clarks Shoes

A family business for over 179 senescence, Clarks Shoes has led the way in shoe manufacturing, becoming one of the leading brands of shoes in the world. The prosperity of Clarks Shoes can be attributed to the family behind the company. They have been, and are still to this day, committed to sound a tremendous grade product for every man, woman and child in the world. Their wrath and hard work, banal with their awareness of mart trends and unborn technologies, has ensured the good times and longevity of the Clarks Shoe Company. Getting its starts from blushing beginnings, Clarks Shoes briskly and effectively moved forward, giving the company a place in the shoe industry for partly 200 senescence, more fitting fraction other.

In 1825 England, a man named Cyrus Clark decided to tan sheepskin rugs, and inadvertently set the wheels in flow for what is admitted as the world ' s #1 shoe brand, Clark Shoes. In 1830, Cyrus ' s brother James was to credit for creating the rudimentary sheepskin slippers using Cyrus ' s tanned sheepskin. With the purchase of the newly invented Singer Crocheting apparatus in 1856, the brothers were able to ease the assembly of their sheepskin slippers for their consumers, and production began to thrive.

At once subsequent, William Clark introduced a line of end comradely shoes named the Hygienic Line that followed the natural shape of a foot. This creation would soon prove to be a significant one, as the foot friendly shoe became what was expected of any shoe that Clarks produces. In the early 20th century, John, Roger, and Alice Clark respond to changing fashions by paying close attention to the development of women ' s shoes. Little did they know how large a market this would eventually become.

Following the end of Second World War, the 1940 ' s became a time for Clarks Shoes to be seen around the world. This led Nathan Clark to create the Desert Boot in the early 1950 ' s, influenced by the marketplace in Cairo. These boots popularity came from their simple comfort, and attitude. The Desert Boot was followed closely by Lance Clark ' s creation named the Wallabee. The moccasin style shoe had a large fan base, and later came to be known as a Clark Classic.

The 1960 ' s proved to be a noteworthy time for Clarks Shoes. Their foot friendly, form fitting shoe set the standard for many shoe designs, including the children ' s shoe market. The Clarks Shoe Company enjoyed much success in this market. While always keeping an eye on the future, Clarks continued to conduct technological research that led to the discovery of polyurethane as a soling material. It is lightweight, and indestructible. P. U. technology, as it was called, continues to be used today in many of the Clarks Shoes, including Active Air, and Springer ' s. This new technology, coupled with the addition of air cushioning in the soles, secured the Clarks shoe brand as a one of a kind, comfortable shoe.

Today, the Clarks Shoe brand remains a leader in the shoe industry. They are the #1 shoe retailer in the U. K., as well as the leading children ' s shoe brand in the U. K. Due to their global expansion; Clarks Shoes is the world ' s #1 shoe brand. Clarks Shoes currently produces about 41 million pairs of shoes per year. Worldwide the company employs over 12, 000 men and women, who tirelessly work to produce the high quality, comfortable shoes that Clarks has been known to provide.

In the end, it remains a fact that Clarks Shoes started with a man, and an idea, and continues to succeed the same way. In 2003, Lance Clark founded Soul of Africa. The people of South Africa are taught shoemaking skills, and the final products are sold in the U. K., while 100 % of all the profits go to the people of South Africa to improve their way of life. Specifically, the money is used to buy furniture, and living necessities for the orphan children of South Africa that have had their families ravished by AIDS. The women that make the shoes have learned a valuable skill, and have steady work which benefits their families, which in turn nourishes the community. With about $250, 000 already earned, the expansion to the U. S. promises to increase support and profit.

Clarks shoes continues to produce, innovative, comfortable shoes, including their well known Active Air, Waterproof for men, Flex 24, and Springer ' s for women. Clarks Shoes also has a line of shoes that have features designed for customers with specific foot needs. Clarks has also extended its product base to handbags. Clarks Shoes also provides advice for adult and child foot health, as well as shoe care. The company strives to provide all the education you need to purchase the best kind of Clarks Shoes for you, in order to promote a healthy, happy life.

A Brief History Of Ballet

The ancient Greeks were recognized to be mammoth warriors and artists. People were known to be blessed with talents in fields related as theater, representation, sculpturing, and poetry. Theater itself was one field which included many other arts homologous as show, singing, dancing, writing, and poetry. This art was sequential on reflected in other countries selfsame as Indian, China and Indonesia. Ballet is a chief dance skeleton sometime inspired from Greek and Roman theaters to yield its full embodiment in 1400s in Italy and France. Although dance was suppressed by the churches this art spread to Russia and America with a news item of their own. Ballet was single-minded from the Latin consultation " Ballere " which meant dance.

During the renaissance interval in Italy, ballet was the product of umpire exposition. Domenico da Piacenza was a sound - admitted musician to have mastered arts. He used to impart the nobles and other people who used to perform in the quarterback. These hizzoner musicians and dancers used to perform on immense occasions like weddings. They were later joined by the ballet De Cour which consisted of dancers who wore elegant costumes and sang beautiful songs. This art was transferred from Italy to France when Catherine de Medici of France married Henry II of Italy. She made great contribution to help flourish the art in France.

It was under the rule of Louis XIV, performance art was given great importance as he himself had a liking for it and was responsible to entrench what is known now as Paris Opera Ballet. Jean - Baptiste Lully was the favorite Italian composer of the king. He had a great understanding of the physical movements, musical songs and graceful dance. He made great contribution to ballet which was of utmost importance even after many years. He along with another French writer Moliere created Comedie - ballet. He was responsible to combine Italian and French ballet. French ballet consisted of instrumental music at first and then vocal music was added to it.

In the late 1800s ballet began to be practiced in Russia, America, Denmark, and Paris. Artists who were responsible for this were Marius Petipa, August Bournonville and Jules Perrot. Stories with Middle Eastern touch were also written. Ballets such as The Talisman and Pharaohs " Daughter became very famous with the people. Many plays of William Shakespeare like Midsummer Night ' s Dream, Romeo and Juliet were interpreted through ballets.

The most important feature of ballet is that the thighs rotate in an outward direction from the hips. Performers who are interested in learning this art are expected to undergo very strenuous health workouts. Some exams are practical and some are theoretical. Ballet incorporates French words which are used to name the movements and steps. The dancers should know French in order to be more familiar. This also means that the terms used for the steps are universal. It ' s very important for the artist to have a strong lower body especially the legs and the abs. strong legs are necessary for the en pointe position and strong abs are necessary for turning the body. A dancer can also create an illusion of long or short hands and legs. If the limbs are placed near the back of the body they appear short and when they are brought forward the limbs seem to be longer.

A lot of physics is involved in ballet. The dancer should create an illusion that she or he is opposing gravity. The dancer ' s body acts like a parabola or a projectile in the air and gravity works on the center of mass of the body. Like they can act as if they are suspended in air by jumping with their arms and legs suspended and head lowered. But the landing should be carefully done; otherwise the dancer could fall down, hurting one self which would also affect the show. A precaution that can be taken in such cases is to have a shock absorbent floor. Another technique which can be extremely hazardous is the rolling of the foot from toe to heel with knees bend. Such type of training calls for the help of professionals. Despite all these complications involved in performing ballet, it remains one of the most popular performing arts in the world.

A Brief History Of Table Tennis

If you timer the sports channels on TV, near as ESPN, a lot, you ' re likely to arrest a game of table tennis every and so often. Table tennis, generally called ping pong, is played on a wooden table, with a functional ball and paddles unseen in rubber and a net disjoining the playing surface. It is sometimes called the miniature tragedy of tennis since the rules are since same.

Table tennis is a fun and stirring sport and it is easy to learn. A brimming advantage to bewitching up table tennis is that you don ' t compulsion to spend a lot of silver on hot property equipment. The most expensive part is obviously the table. You can find inexpensive ping pong sets, consisting of the net, 2 paddles and a number of balls, in almost any department store in the toy or sporting goods section.

The game of table tennis was invented in England in the 1880 ' s by rich Victorians looking for an activity to be played indoors. When the game was first played, books served as a net, a knot of string or a champagne cork was used as a ball and cigarette box lids were employed as paddles. Apparently people enjoyed this newly invented game with its make - shift equipment, since it continued to grow in popularity.

Improvements were made to the equipment during the early 1900 ' s. The balls were being made from celluloid and the paddles consisted of a piece of rubber glued to a wooden handle. The word ping pong originated because of the distinctive sound the ball made when hit with the rubber paddle. And Parker Brothers opted to go with the ping pong name when they introduced the game to the United States.

With the commercial availability of the equipment, the game continued to grow in popularity and the first tournament was held in 1902. In 1921 the Table Tennis Association was founded in England and less than 10 years later, the first World Championships also took place there.

Over time the sport spread to other parts of the world. In the Far Eastern countries, such as China, it is called ping pong, while in other countries similar terms in the native language are used.

The 1950 ' s rolled around and other innovations were made. As an example, a sponge layer was added to the paddles over the rubber, making the paddles lighter and easier for the players to use. And finally, after being around for more than a century, table tennis was included as an Olympic Sport in 1988.

In the latter part of 2000, the international body governing the rules of table tennis introduced more changes. They decided to increase the size of the plastic ball used in tournaments from 38mm to 40mm. This was an attempt to slow the game down a little. They also made changes to the way the game was scored, now using a 11 point system as opposed to the traditional 21 points, which makes each set fast and exciting for the players and spectators.

Enjoy your experiences with table tennis, and remember to keep your eye on the ball.

A Brief History Of Insulation - Look How Far We ' ve Come

The Ancient Egyptians used it. Inasmuch as did the Ancient Romans. In the 1800 ' s, a boy wrote about it, sort of. By the Long Depression, well-qualified was a growing demand for it. In the mid 1970 ' s, medical science told us we were existence it not right. Now, 21st century builders have to " life pliable " to earn undried. And the later seems brighter ( and more energy efficient than intensely. ) We ' ve used cork, asbestos, glass, skillful, foam and same mud to do it. Very well, when you look at the history of insulation, in all its multitude forms, we can witness equitable how far we ' ve come.

The Ancient Egyptians used insulation to amass their waste homes and buildings gelid, and their linen clothing warmer in the store winter months. They amassed papyrus linings to their loincloths and skirts to detain close in winter. They built their homes of thick inflamed, designed to hand retain out the sun ' s scorching heat in summer.

The Ancient Greeks knew about asbestos, in gospel they named it. They used it to clothing their imported slaves, as right as for the wicks of their eternal temple glow, napkins and the funeral dress of kings. The material ' s flame - resistant properties gave it a bit of a mystical appeal to the Greeks. They had a common name for it, too - crysotile - which means " gold cloth. " The Greeks were the first to go on record as noting that asbestos caused a " lung sickness " in the slaves who worked with it and wore it. The Greeks also knew how to insulae their homes, using cavity walls. The air trapped in between the inner and outer walls would act to help keep out the colder or hotter air, depending on the season.

Always on the look - out for the next best thing, the Ancient Romans also dressed their slaves in asbestos cloth. They made tablecloths and napkins for restaurants and banquets out of asbestos cloth, throwing it into the fire between diners or courses to clean it of crumbs. The Romans were perhaps the ancient world ' s most noted engineers, and they knew enough to build cavity walled structures, too. They learned to insulate their heated water pipes with cork from Spain and Portugal so that they could be placed under floors without fear of overheating the flooring.

The Vikings and other northern Europeans learned to insulate their homes with mud chinking, plastering it in the cracks between the logs or hewn boards of the buildings walls.. When mixed with horse or cattle dung and straw, the mud was known as daub, and was considered a stronger, better building material over plain old mud. They created clothing out of thick sheep ' s wool, and may have even used cloth to line the interior walls of their homes.

Cloth came to be widely used in the Middle Ages among the wealthy as stone once again came into fashion for home building. These imposing stone structures tended to be drafty, damp and cold. Large ornately embroidered or woven tapestries would be hung on interior walls, partly to block out the drafts and partly to soak up the dampness. Rushes on the floors also helped to keep things a bit warmer underfoot.

During the Industrial Revolution, manufacturers turned once again to asbestos for their insulation needs. Steam - powered technology meant lots of hot pipes to carry the steam to where it was needed. These hot steam supply pipes could be made safer for workers by wrapping them in asbestos. With the invention of the steam locomotive, the demand for asbestos exploded. Suddenly, fireboxes, boilers, pipes and even boxcars and breaks were lined or wrapped in the heat retarding, flame - resistant fibers.

During the Great Depression, residents of the " Dust Bowl " of the US Southern Plains region attempted to insulate their homes from the choking dust storms by using strips of cloth coated in flour - based glue or paste. These could then be pasted over cracks around window and door frames to try and keep out the dust. City dwellers often did something similar with newspapers, stuffing them in cracks in window frames in hopes of keeping their frigid tenement apartments a bit warmer against winter ' s chill.

Asbestos continued to be the main source of both industrial and residential insulation through the 19th and mid 20th centuries, though. World War II saw it being used in aircraft and ship production. In the 40 ' s and 50 ' s, mineral wool or rock wool started to overtake asbestos in popularity, however. Having been " discovered " in the 1870 ' s a safer manufacturing process led to its wider spread use among construction and industry.

The rediscovery in the mid - 1970 ' s of asbestos ' s harmful health effects signaled the death knell for asbestos materials in building construction. You ' ll still find it keeping your automotive breaks and clutches cool, however, and crysotile is still being mined in some countries.

With the decline of asbestos, other forms of insulation had to be found and found quickly. Fiberglass insulation comes in various forms and is considered to be the " traditional " choice in home insulation. Styrofoam sheets and PVC wraps are now available. Concerns over the ecology and environment have led to the " discovery " of several forms of insulation considered to be more environmentally sound. Paper cellulose, recycled cotton denim and even sheep wool are being touted as the new wave in insulation. Imagine, cloth and wool as insulating materials? Perhaps we haven ' t come that far after all!

A Brief History Of Pliers

Pliers were premier developed in Europe as an aide in their metal crafting works. Since Europe was amongst the active developers of technology, pliers were used to tenure and clutch steaming melted items used for local wares, weapons and furniture.

Through time the pliers have evolved to having different kinds and different functions. But since its beginnings the commercially available pliers currently did not vary that much from the unqualified inaugural ones. The twin brain wave as that with the anterior one is still used. A fastening & kernel is placed around a investigation from the tip of the pliers. The moment of arm principle is used to occupation the thing tighter date applying minimum force to the handles.

As technology continues to develop, more and more variety of pliers have been made to aide every possible need and want. Commonly, these aides are mainly used in machine shops, craft shops, and electrical related jobs. Now pliers have mechanisms that lock and grip the object in place.

The common types of pliers and their uses:

Flat Nose Pliers. This is the most common type of pliers in the tool shed which is mainly used for gripping objects with great compression loads. Usually flat nose pliers come with a wire cutter that has the same function as a lineman ' s pliers. The disadvantage of this type of pliers is in gripping objects with slim spaces. There is more of a brute force than finesse.

Long Nose Pliers. Frequently used in craft production, this type of pliers is essential in bending and shape forming for jewelry making. The downside to this though is that we can ' t apply force since the shape of this tool is tapered.

Round Nose Pliers. Also a critical partner in craft making, round nose pliers are used for creating round shaped wires for earrings, necklaces and bracelets. This type of pliers is the same as the long nose pliers, and offers the same disadvantages.

Crimping Pliers. This particular type has the most variety. Crimping pliers are used to join or seal two things together. The most common uses for these pliers are for industrial use, but they come along with a costly price tag.

Cutting Pliers. Actually this type of pliers does not belong to the plier ' s family as stated in its early uses, but the form and concept is basically the same. This type of pliers is used for cutting and stripping wires, which is one of the most useful electrical tools.

A Brief History Of Chess

Unknown to many, chess has grown from a simple game to the variegated game. Week many countries claim to be the origin of the chess game, the earliest transcribe point to India during the tract of the Persian Empire. The history of chess covers the development of the game from numero uno being a common mans game in the Persian Empire to being a royalty game when it came to Europe. Throughout the history of chess, a lot has changed including the incorporation in the number of pieces, the characters used and rules. The history of chess documents has its operation world over and its veneration mainly due to the ultimatum it poses and the fact that it can be played by anyone at anytime. There are only two things that have hardly changed in the chess history. This is the aim of the game and its essence.

The aim of chess is to capture the opponents general and its essence is basically using strategies to achieve this while at the same time countering your opponents moves. The first form of chess discovered in the 6th century in India was called Caturanga. It had four pieces which covered the infantry, elephants, the Calvary and chariots. This military association has stayed on throughout the history of chess. Over time, more pieces would be added depending on the culture of the country. The power of the pieces would also vary. For example, it was not until the 15th century that the queen became the most powerful of the pieces. This has largely been attributed to the European influence by the time.

A history of chess would be incomplete without mentioning the variations of the game that have existed prior to the modern game. Actually even the modern game would have different forms of the current chess sets until when Nathaniel Cook and Jaques invented chess set that would later become the standard of the game. The Chinese people have long held that their form of chess was the pioneer of the modern game. Their game called Xiangai is still popular in China and Vietnam. The characters include a general, an advisor, elephant, horse, a chariot, cannon and soldier. The Indian generation on the other hand was played in the 18th - 19th century. It is from it that the concepts of castling and pawning first appeared. It had a king, queen, elephant a role played by the present bishop, a horse which is the modern knight, a boat and an army. The boat and the army are modern day rook and pawn.

The Korean chess is also another variant in the history of chess. It borrows largely from the Chinese game and even uses the same pieces, it is however unique from other forms as it involves jumping cannons and long range elephants. The Japanese form was played in the 10th to 12th century and had 1 king, I horse, 1 bishop, 9 pawns, 2 knights, two lances and had two categories of generals. Two silver generals and two gold generals. All models have greatly contributed in the making of the history of chess and the modern game.

A Brief History Of Corsets And Why A Briefy Are Still Popular Today

Corsets are one of the most enduringly popular pieces of lingerie around today. Despite a reputation for causing health problems and being put scatter by feminists as something to hold back women down, corsets are being worn by more and more people. Women lust the way that a corset can aid them change the shape of their body in a way that dieting and exercise cannot. If you are fired in purchasing a corset for yourself, here is some information you might be inspirited in knowing.

A corset has traditionally been worn by women. They have been used by women for hundreds of caducity to modify the shape of their body. Whenever a woman has been troublesome to attain an hourglass figure, corsets have been competent to service. They reason panels of stiffened fabric that meshwork up the back. They are worn in undifferentiated a way that when the laces are fully tightened, they pull in the waist and make it much smaller. Trained have been historical accounts of women with waists as pygmy as twelve inches.

Because the waist was so constricted when a woman wore a corset, it pushed her internal organs out of place. It also made it difficult to breathe and women were prone to fainting. Over time, with habitual wear, the waist often became permanently narrower. Although it gave a desirable body shape the health problems they caused could be severe.

Corsets did fall out of fashion for a while. The invention of the brassiere led to women being able to support their breasts without the use of a corset. They were thought to be overly restrictive and when women began to do more physical labor, they got in the way. The best models used stays made out of whalebone. When whale hunting fell out of favor, so did whalebone corset stays. And, as clothing styles changed, there was much less emphasis on a wasp - waisted appearance.

This is changing back again. The trend is moving towards the wearing of corsets again. Now, with body conscious people trying to shrink their waist, a corset is becoming the shapewear item of choice. Women love the long, lean look of a corset since it is harder for people to see lines where a corset starts and ends. Now, modern verions use plastic stays or metal ones in order to give support since whalebone is no longer an option. Even men are beginning to wear them although this is often for medical reasons such as back pain.

A new section of the population also wears them for various reasons. Fetishists and body modification fans are returning to the extremely small waist. Both men and women are wearing corsets made of PVC, vinyl and leather and love the way it changes the shape of the body. They often wear versions which are studded, decorated with metal pieces or are elaborately decorated.

You can find corsets online and in lingerie stores. There are versions which cover the bust and ones that stop below the bust line. Some are designed so that they really reduce the circumference of the waist and others are more for looks than they are to shrink the waist. You can find models in a range of different materials such as brocade, silk and satin. There are also versions which are made out of leather, vinyl and PVC for a more hard core look.

Proper fit is key with a corset. You need to be measured accurately and decide how much you want your waist reduced. Often, people will purchase a corset one to two sizes smaller than would normally fit them. This is so that they can shrink their waists even further. You may be more interested in a corset for its looks rather than its function. Taking the time to shop carefully is your best way of getting one that is beautiful and that makes you feel wonderful too.

Copyright ( c ) 2009 Vlad Vovin

A Brief History of Miami Beach

Miami Beach is great published for being one of the most glamorous destinations in the USA, with the area ' s appealing beaches, vibrant nightlife and rich and varying culture attracting holiday - makers from every corner of the globe. But it wasn ' t always this way. Due 150 age ago, Miami beach was an uninhabitable island, purchased for due $0. 25 per acre by a Henry Lum and since then, the area has undergone one of the most strange changes in American history.

In 1870, Henry and his kid Charles Lum happened to be sailing conscientious polish off the coast of South East Florida. They noticed a delightful ecru bar, true offshore, and decided to put in an overture for the land. They purchased most of the island for a pittance, but failed to start a picture for developing the land into something of material worth.

Successive, the island was really into on to Elnathan Field and Ezra Osborne, both residents of New Jumper, who in turn then sold the land to the Father and Son - in - law team of John Collin and Thomas Pancoast. During 1913, Collins took out a loan in order to build the first ever bridge between Miami Beach and the mainland, which at that time was the largest wooden bridge anywhere in the world. This is when Miami Beach started to change forever.

During the 1920s, America underwent unprecedented growth, and Miami started to expand, reaching a population of around 120, 000. Even when the Great Depression of the 1930s struck, hotels were still being constructed, especially around lower Collins Avenue and Ocean Drive. Nowadays, this area is known officially as the Art Deco District, due to the architecture that reflects the styles of that time. But to the rest of the world, it is referred to as South Beach or " SoBe ".

During World War II, the influx of servicemen brought another 100, 000 people to the Greater Miami area, when army training centres were established. After the war, a lot of veterans decided to make the idyllic settings of South Florida their permanent home. By the end of the 1950s, South Florida had doubled its pre - war population.

Miami has continually expanded during the last century. In fact, from 1910 to 1960, the population of the City of Miami doubled every ten years, which had a knock on effect on the rest of Miami. In 1959, at the tail end of the Cuban revolution, 500, 000 Cubans moved to the city, changing the cultural landscape of not just Miami, but Florida in general. From 1960 to 2000, Hispanics accounted for 90 percent of the total population growth in Miami - Dade County.

The latino influence is felt to this day, influencing most aspects of Miami life - architecture, food and even the accent of the region all have an prominent hispanic element. But the biggest transformation occurred in the late 80s and early 90s, when a multi - billion dollar infusion of investment capital produced the beautiful Miami downtown skyline that is so recognisable today.

Miami Beach emerged, complete with a modern transportation infrastructure, and a wealth of cultural, arts, sports and entertainment. Miami Beach has thrived, and has become somewhat of a " millionaires ' playground ", with many rich and famous people flocking to the area. The nightlife and lifestyle in the area is world renowned, with extraordinary restaurants, theatres, stadiums, nightclubs and Miami Beach hotels. Miami continues to be a fantastic destination for tourists, businesspeople and permanent residents of all nationalities.

Article submitted by Harald Bindeus, Director of Sales & Marketing at Grand Beach Hotel Miami. Newly built and opened in 2009, this Miami Beach Hotel is located right on the Atlantic Ocean close to South Beach, Miami. To find out more visit http: / / www. miamihotelgrandbeach. com.

A Brief History of Sports Medicine

The abstraction of sports medicine is in toto a fairly new twist. Only in the last few decades has this particular medical practice garnered enough mainstream attention to make it a worthwhile career for physicians. By definition, sports medicine is aimed at preventing injury and disorder to an personal when they are participating in some type of sports or positive exercise. Doctors that specialize in sports medicine also put a strong deal of accent on enhancing the fitness and overall health of the larger horde through exercise and healthy vittles. It was not that long ago that exercise equitable for the gain of exercising was considered a tolerably foolish idea.

Not more than 100 years ago, the population would often work themselves almost to death. The act of scratching out a living required so much physical exertion that the idea of exercising for sport or fitness would have never occurred to most people. In fact exercising was even looked down upon in some circles. That is not to say that humans have not recognized the value of exercise and physical activity for thousands of years. As far back as 2500 BC, the Chinese were actively trying to prevent disease and prolong their lives through the use of exercise.

Ancient Greeks celebrated athletes and Herodicus is sometimes referred to as the first doctor of athletic medicine. Hippocrates spent a great deal of time treating the injuries of athletes and helping them to prepare for competition. During the time of the Roman Empire, a Greek physician by the name of Claudius Galen actually became the primary doctor for the gladiators. He was responsible for some ground breaking discoveries in the field of sports medicine. He noted the way that muscles contracted and observed that the arteries and lungs worked together to provide oxygen to the tissues.

Like most scientific endeavors, sports medicine all but disappeared during the dark ages. During the 1600s, physicians began to concentrate on what we consider today to be a form of sports medicine. Over the next few centuries, physicians began to pay more attention to the benefits that exercise could provide to the human body. During the 20th century the sports medicine specialty really began to take off. Nobel Prize winning physiologist A. V. Hill is considered by some to be the first physiologist to specialize in exercise. As Americans found themselves with more leisure time and disposable income, professional sports and the injuries that go along with them created a demand for doctors.

A Brief History of Presidents Day

Presidents Day is a civic holiday in the U. S. that honors Maestro Washington and Number one Lincoln, arguably two of the best presidents in U. S. history. Presidents Day is celebrated on the wringer Monday of February. Presidents Day was early even now in 1880 by the U. S. dominion for inside track aegis in the District of Columbia and was following extended to encompass all governmental support in 1885. The holiday is the maiden governmental holiday to adoration an American citizen. Until 1971 the holiday was celebrated on February 22, which is Washingtons birthday. In 1971 the Uniform Monday Holiday Act shifted the holiday to the third degree Monday in February.

George Washington served as the first President of the United States from 1789 - 1797. Before he was president, Washington led the Continental Army to victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War. Early in his career Washington was praised as the " Father of His Country. Read more about Washingtons contributions in American History magazine, The Economist and Time magazine.

In the 1980s due largely to a push from retail advertisers, the name Presidents Day began being used instead of " Washingtons Birthday. " At this time the holiday was expanded to honor President Abraham Lincoln who was also born in February. Read more about retail advertisers in BusinessWeek, Money and Forbes magazine.

Lincoln was the sixteenth President of the United States. He successfully led the country through one of its greatest crisis, the American Civil War. Lincoln, the first Republican to be elected, was assassinated near the end of war in 1885. His death solidified him as a martyr to many Americans. Over the years, including in modern times, repeated polls of Americans has ranked Lincoln as the greatest president in American history. Lincolns legacy is one of upholding honesty, integrity and equality for all Americans. Read more about Lincolns contributions in Politics magazine, BusinessWeek and American History magazine.

Though many states now observe Presidents Day, it is not all - inclusive. In Massachusetts the state celebrates " Washingtons Birthday " and the state law requires the governor to issue an annual " Presidents Day " honoring presidents from Massachusetts, which includes John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Calvin Coolidge and John F. Kennedy.

The state of Alabama also observes the day as " Washington and Jefferson Day " though Thomas Jeffersons birthday is in April. Still, states New Jersey, Connecticut, California and Illinois celebrate Lincolns birthday on February 12, his actual birthday.

Presidents Day has become a day that retail stores, most notably car dealers, celebrate with sales. Up until the late 1980s most businesses closed on this holiday; many schools and non - retail businesses still remain closed in observance of Presidents Day.

Celebrations of Presidents Day vary from community to community. Alexandria, VA is host of the longest Presidents Day celebration with its month - long tribute that includes the longest George Washington Birthday parade.

A Brief History Of The Automobile

Slick are many definitions of the car. Some uttered beef - powered coaches are cars and others, compatible Daimler - Benz ( makers of Mercedes Benz ) rumor that cars are polished carriages for personal transport with three or four wheels, powered by a sap - fueled interior devouring machine. Depending on your definition of a car, the automobile could have been invented by item number of inventors at organ number of dates.

The earliest testimony of a self - propelled vehicle came from Leonardo da Vinciwho toyed with the notion in the 15th century. He planned and drew zillion models in his plans, but he didnt utterly assemble material. The beef appliance was considered to be invented by James Watt in 1765 and was perfected by both English and French scientists over the close century.

Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot, William Murdoch and Richard Trevithick all have invented steam - powered behemoths that are so enormous and heavy that they required a completely flat surface to move on. In fact, iron rails were installed on roads in Paris and London for the next 120 years just to accommodate the automobiles, which were mainly smaller versions of trains.

Cars designed during the Steam Era were unusual and fantastically bizarre. In the United States, Oliver Evans invented an amphibious vehicle that can move on wheels and on water with the help of a paddle wheel. Ivan Kulibin of Russia planned a car with modern day features such as flywheels, brakes and a gear box. Oddly enough, it was it was human - pedalled. Etience Lenoir came up with something he called a hippo mobile that proved to the masses that automobiles can operate on long trips. He drove all the way from Paris to Jonville Le - Pont.

Karl Benz was one of the first to mass - produce cars. His cars appealed to many due to being able to move at 45 km / h ( 28. 2 mph ). In France, Panhard et Levassan was the first ever company to be established exclusively for the sole purpose of making cars. The Duryea brothers ( Frank and Charles ) were the first automobile manufacturers in the United States, and they were rapidly followed by Ford and Winton.

A special mention should be said about Henry Ford. Contrary to standard belief, he didnt actually built cars. He perfected the logic of manufacturing cars, by making improvements to the production line. He used one hand for one chore and had an ingenious method of dropping the cars body on its wheels. He also added modern features such as the car radio after getting the idea from private jets.

There were different eras to the automobiles history. And each brought different improvements to the car. In the Vintage Era, internal combustion engines and the overhead cam engines were adapted. A main example of this is the Austin 7. During the Pre - War Era, fully - closed models were manufactured for the first time and trunks were added. The post War Era gave birth to cars which have more resemblance to modern automobiles. Inventive and shiny cars, like the Mini Cooper, have left a memorable print on automobile history.

Whether youre driving a luxury car, a sedan or a piece of junk that can hardly be called a car, its a good feeling to know how far the car has evolved from being steam - powered coaches to advanced practical vehicles.

A Brief History Of The Air Freight Industry

Consistent before, flying has been an innovation. Humans before couldn ' t think of a time wayward expedition. All they wanted was to fly. That ' s why airplanes were born. Eventually, technology made it a reality for people to ride on the airplane near the flyer. People became restless that they extant thinking of some beneficial ways where they can mileage the plane.

It was on the tour 1910 when the thought that a plane can be used to transact shipments began. History spread out that a latch of silk was the virgin to be shipped in a plane. The shipment was carried from Dayton to Columbus in Ohio. This was uttered to be the maiden pomp of the air freight.

In 1919, and shipment took place. A converted bomber was shipped by the American Railway Voluntary. The goods was 1100 pounds, and was delighted from Washington D. C to Chicago. Unluckily, the plane and the radiator froze had to land in Ohio. However, that didn ' t hinder the people from using the plane as freight carrier.

During the late 1920s, more airlines operated as freight carrier. The creation of the freight carrier was used for American business only. The air freight had helped them not only in making the transportation of merchandise rapidly but also the fast pace of the process.

Undeniably, the primitive stages of the air freight business made a remarkable growth.

By the year 1927 to 1931 the number and size of the shipments had increased from 45, 000 pounds to almost a million pounds. Though there were some effort at planning and organizing the air freight business, the commercial air freight did not operate until World War II ended.

The top 4 known airlines namely: American, United, TWA and Eastern formed the Air Cargo Inc. The primary mission of the company was to pick up and deliver cargo.

The Air Cargo was active until the end of the world. But in 1944, United and TWA began to be independent and had their own air freight business.

There were lots of small plane owners who wanted to part of the air cargo industry but were not accepted. The big airlines didn ' t like smaller airlines to operate in the business. One reason for that was the possibility that the small airlines might screw up the constant status of the industry. Another reason was the former didn ' t want to be involved in a competition.

Unluckily, those small plane operators who tried fell by the pavement. There ' s only one that survived - it ' s called the " Flying Tigers ". The Flying Tigers made it because it carried both military and civilian freight. And it was also known before as the largest in air freight liner industry.

In spite of the good start, the air freight business wasn ' t developing that much. It didn ' t work well in the business. Until someone in the name of Fred Smith opened up his new air freight known today as the Federal Express.

The Air Freight Industry Today

Federal express has been known today as one of the successful air freight carrier. With the aid of modern technology, it now uses air freight software to be able to provide the needs of the customers. The air freight software is the latest innovation for freight forwarders. It will resolve any problems in the system plus give you excellent and cost effective services.

Today the FedEx or the Federal Express is linked with the ( UPS ) United Parcel. The two freight carrier is now known to be the most reliable and trusted air delivery services in the country.

A Brief History Of Postal Uniforms

Mailmen and mailwomen are icons of American culture. For over two hundred and thirty years, the postal service of the United States has been reliably delivering packages and enlightenment to residents. It ' s a service most of us couldn ' t do wayward. The look of a postal emancipator has changed throughout the elderliness, but the reliable service has always stayed the same.

Flat though the postal service was running caducity before, it wasn ' t until 1868 that the postal tandem of the United States began enervating uniforms succeeding Congress passed legislation authorizing it. The primogenial uniform included a single - breasted coat of a disconsolate - gray essence which extended two - thirds of the way from the hip - bone to the knee. The coat had a pocket on each side and one on the uncherished breast and a row of five brass buttons featuring the department conclude running from the glance down the front of the coat. Panties were of the duplicate material with a black broadcloth stripe down the leg. The uniform also included a cap made of the same material, a cape, and a vast with seven of the same brass buttons.

At the dawn of the 20th century the uniform of the postal worker went through several changes. In 1901 it became permissible to wear a neat shirt - waist in warm weather, instead of a coat or a vest. In the 1920s the postal badge was redesigned and the color of the postal worker ' s shirt was changed from a nickel - gray to a blue shade. In the 1930s through the 1950s postal workers were allowed to wear a sweater in lieu of a coat, which later evolved into a zippered jacket. Elbow length sleeve shirts were optional in hot weather. In 1947 an Eisenhower - style jacket was made available was well as safari - style pith helmet for the first time.

In 1955, a uniform for female postal workers was first discussed. The uniform was the same as the men ' s style except for the addition of a skirt. The 1970s brought a new blue uniform shirt fitted with a logo incorporating the eagle in its design. This decade also brought knee length shorts and black knee - length hose for men and women.

The 1990s was one of the most transformative decades for the postal service uniform and many of those changes are still in place today. All outerwear garments were changed to navy blue. Visors and baseball caps with the new sonic eagle logo became available. Clothing with the alternating pinstripes of postal red and blue were developed. Today most postal workers wear blue - gray pants or shorts with a black stripe and several options for outerwear. Whatever the style, the postal service workers are always easily identifiable as an iconic part of American culture.

A History of the Jade Gemstone

The study of gemstones, especially those that have enjoyed long, commensurate canonization, can be as much a look into the history of human culture as a study of hard science. Of all the historical gemstones, this is purely the event with jade. It wasn ' t until the 19th century that mineralogists discovered that what was known as jade was really two different and separate materials, now avowed as nephrite and jadeite, each having homogeneous properties. Apparently, this specialized detail was of little concern to the cultures that had developed such a deep appreciation for jade over thousands of years. Despite the differences between the two, both are considered to be true jade.

Not many gemstones can boast a 7000 year history. Amazingly, the history of jade unfolded around the globe as cultures that had no contact with each other discovered the beneficial, ornamental, and sometimes violent uses of jade. The toughness of jade allows it to be ground extremely thin and still hold up to hard use. The earliest jade items were tools, such as hammers and axes formed from jade cobbles, but it was also used for weapons. The Maori of New Zealand favoured local nephrite to fashion a short club called a mere that they used for close quarters fighting. As it became more practical to use metal for tools and weapons, jade came into its own as an ornamental material. With a history as the royal gemstone of China since roughly 3000BC, jade is closely associated with Asian jewellery and art objects. Over thousands of years Chinese artists developed carving it into an art form and pushed the limits of what was possible. The toughness and durability of jade, which is considered to be greater than any other gemstone, might seem to be a hindrance to detailed carving. However, both types of the stone proved to be perfect for lapidary work. Other cultures also discovered the amazing properties of jade. In pre - Columbian Mesoamerica it was highly valued for ceremonial objects. Olmec warrior masks are fine examples of the precision workmanship and capabilities of the stone. Researchers were puzzled about the source of Mesoamerican jade until it was rediscovered in the late 20th century in present day Guatemala.

The properties of jade that were so admired throughout history are no less applicable today. As a gemstone it can be used for handmade jewellery in more ways than just about any stone.

A History Of Trampolines

The earliest trampolines have been reportedly utilised by the Inuit people who used to toss each other into the air on a walrus skin. This could have also occurred in Europe with men and women using a cover; this is special homogeneous to the practice utilized by firemen to clutch people from falling buildings. The appropriate rudimentary trampolines were manufactured by Nissen and Griswold in 1934. They had experimented by way of stretching a bit of canvas out and used coil springs, it was used as a training device for tumblers but plainly hastily became popular in its own right. The actual denomination originated from the Spanish chat trampolin which means diving board.

Benefits Of Trampolines

Being obese is certainly path occasion levels throughout present day society, and in these current conditions measure type of legitimate action or common exercise should be considered beneficial. It is generally hard to stir your young to exercise as a consequence of all of the computer games as together as new technology of which keeps them inside. The actual trampoline stands the check of time and is also a highly fun and enjoyable way to get your child out there on to it and have them jumping all - around. After some minutes your son or daughter will begin getting rid of some vital energy. Trampolines are generally certainly not the most effective form of physical exercise for weight reduction, nonetheless what we making the effort to encourage is for children to get in the garden and play and enjoy themselves. With kids entertainment currently being dominated by video games and computer games, any more active way of recreation is a plus. Trampolines are fantastic because they ' re fun, and fun really should translate into children wishing to do it. And in the long term this should have an effect upon body composition not to mention health and wellness.

As far as moms and dads are concerned, trampolines are fantastic way to take the kids off their hands for a couple of hours. Spending some time on a trampoline is not only a fantastic form of physical exercise, it can help build coordination, body control as well as movement skills which may set a good foundation for participation in various other sports.

A number of gymnasts, aerial skiers and acrobats started on trampolines, and this gives them an excellent foundation to master the body control and skills necessary for their other sports. Trampolines are used for cross training to practice particular flips and twists.

One of the downsides of trampolines is they have an injury risk associated with them. Nevertheless nearly all trampolines have padding readily available for the actual frame which can reduce the damage to some extent. There ' s also safety nets readily available, which in turn nearly totally cuts out any kind of dangers associated with the trampoline. It ' s a fun exercise that ' s endured the test of time, and should be in each and every kids backyard garden!

Olympic Sports Activity

The actual trampoline is in fact an Olympic sport. It was initially recognized as an Olympic sport in the Sydney 2000 games. There are a few disciplines and also the athleticism exhibited is quite outstanding. A highly skilled trampoline artist will be able to bounce up to ten metres high while undertaking numerous somersaults and twists. They could also be used for cross training for other sports especially to assist hone in acrobatic skills. They are made use of in sports activities which includes, gymnastics, diving, water skiing, freestyle skiing, snowboarding and also wrestling.

Mini Trampolines

These are the small round trampolines which you see about. These can be great for smaller children but are also utilized a great deal in a rehabilitation setting. The unstable surface that the trampoline creates may be perfect for working on balance. It is a beneficial proprioception exercise, which is certainly especially useful for individuals coming back from ankle injuries.

Trampolines are an interesting item of equipment that have been around for a long time and will continue to be.